The dramatic significance Essay Example For Students

The emotional hugeness Essay In this scene when Miranda says What ist? A soul? she is alluding to Ferdinand, the two of them have a comparative reaction to one another; he additionally reacts to her inâ wonder, Most sure the goddess on whom these pretense join in. Miranda and Ferdinandâ have begun to look all starry eyed at from the outset sight. This scene is exceptionally close to the start of the play; it is in the subsequent demonstration. Thisâ shows the crowd that the scene will be huge to the remainder of the playâ and that the affection among Miranda and Ferdinand is a significant subject. Ferdinand is luredâ to Prosperos cavern by Ariels singing, this is no human business, nor no stable thatâ the earth owes. I hear it now above me. This straight away brings the inquiry intoâ the psyches of the crowd whether this control over Miranda is correct; Prosperoâ has clearly united these two in the certainty that they will fall in love, The bordered blinds of thine eye advance, and state what thou seest yond. As Prospero arranged they do begin to look all starry eyed at, At the main sight they have changed eyes. Ferdinand loses no time in proposing to Miranda, Ill make you the Queen of Naples. We will compose a custom exposition on The emotional noteworthiness explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This is critical in light of the fact that Ferdinand is giving Miranda her legitimate positionâ as eminence back to her without acknowledging what her identity is. Prospero cherishes his girl dearlyâ as he demonstrates all through the play I have sat idle yet in care of thee-of thee myâ dear one, thee my little girl. In view of Prosperos solid love for his little girl andâ his want to make everything ideal for her he chooses to make Ferdinand work hardâ for her adoration with the goal that he realizes what genuine love is, and treats Miranda appropriately, however thisâ swift business I should uncomfortable make, in case too light winning make the prize light. Ferdinand at that point demonstrates himself to be deserving of Miranda by filling in as a slave for Prospero saying that nothing is a weight to him as long as should be obvious Miranda, Might I yet through my jail once a day observe this house keeper. Miranda additionally demonstrates to Prospero that she profoundly cherishes Ferdinand by contending even with her for father for him, Theres nothing sick can stay in such a sanctuary. In the event that the evil soul have so reasonable a house,â good things will endeavor to stay witht. In this scene among Miranda and Ferdinand, the crowd sees both theirâ characters and characters create as they experience changes when they haveâ new encounters. Mirandas wonder at Ferdinand is appeared in the entirety of her language whenâ addressing him and discussing him, What ist? A soul? she doesn't even knowâ what he is as she never observed men, just knowing her dad and Caliban on theâ island. As soon as she sees him Mirandas language shows herself in aweâ of Ferdinand as she shouts, Lord, what it looks like about! Trust me, sir, it conveys aâ brave structure. Miranda has the straightforwardness and frankness to transparently pronounce her loveâ for Ferdinand, I may consider him a thing divine, to no end characteristic I at any point saw soâ noble. This straightforwardness is a result of Mirandas segregation; she doesn't know manyâ people and has no information on this present reality, she is intrigued by what she sees andâ expects within to coordinate the outside not ready to see past people groups great looks intoâ their more profound character. This unequivocal quality is demonstrated again later when she straightforwardly admiresâ the appealing men of the court party, what number goodly animals are there here! How beauteous humankind is! O exciting modern lifestyle, that has such individuals int! Evenâ when Ferdinand showers Miranda with commendation of her magnificence she stays unobtrusive, Noâ wonder, sir, yet surely a house keeper. Miranda gives her empathy in each scene thatâ she shows up in from her first encouraging statements for those in the wreck, O, I haveâ suffered with those that I saw endure! .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 , .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .postImageUrl , .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 , .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13:hover , .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13:visited , .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13:active { border:0!important; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13:active , .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13:hover { obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13 .focu sed content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u92e71acfb935f746db304b0853264e13:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Creative Writing : Factory Work in 1911 EssayShe shows compassion toward everybody in painâ except Caliban, Tis a miscreant, sir I don't love to look on. At the point when she sees Ferdinandâ carrying logs she is anxious to share his work; she would prefer to endure than see himâ suffer, If youll plunk down, Ill bear your logs the while: implore give me that; Ill convey itâ to the heap. Miranda goes to bat for herself and Ferdinand against Prospero showingâ strength of character, O dear dad, make not very careless a preliminary of him, for hes gentle,â and not frightful. Despite the fact that she needs her dad to like Ferdinand with the goal that she canâ marry him, Is the third man that eer I saw; the main that eer I moaned for. Pity moveâ my father to be slanted my way. Ferdinand when he first observes Miranda reacts to her similarly as sheâ responded to him, he utilizes the equivalent wonderous language as she utilized, My primeâ request, which I do keep going articulate, is O you wonder If you be house keeper, or no? in Ferdinands next discourse he is telling her he is a man of position; now inâ the play he thinks he is King which is huge on the grounds that he isn't King, which heâ will acknowledge later in the play when he understands excited that his dad is still alive, Though the oceans undermine, they are lenient; Ive reviled them without cause. Ferdinand rapidly proposes to Miranda, this is noteworthy on the grounds that it is actually what Prospero needs; it is all piece of his arrangement to make amicability toward the finish of the play; theirâ marriage would join Prospero and Alonso thusly joining Naples and Milanâ returning both Prospero and Miranda to their legitimate situations in the realm, Illâ make you the Queen of Naples. In spite of the fact that this is the thing that Prospero needs he makes it hardâ for the purpose of his little girl as a trial of Ferdinands love, I should uncomfortable make, lestâ too light winning make the prize light. In spite of the fact that toward the end Prospero prevails in hisâ plan and the play finishes in congruity with both Miranda and Ferdinand glad afterâ being made to languish over their affection, I should be here limited by you, or sent to Naples,â let me not. Since I have my dukedom got. This scene has extraordinary effect on the crowd as it is the start of Prosperos plan to get past wrongs right and the crowd can see that in the nearâ future quiet and agreement will be made out of a storm which has clearly beenâ going on for a long time. The joining of Miranda and Ferdinand has extraordinary significanceâ in achieving the last agreement that their marriage will assist with keeping, and stopâ another storm emerging.

Letter to the brazilian government regarding the amazonian rainforest

I am keeping in touch with you to communicate my perspectives and sentiments about the Amazonian rainforest and the manner in which it's being misused. I am completely mindful that you, as an administration, are being taken steps to decrease the measure of trees you chop down from different nations; this letter may at first seem, by all accounts, to resemble those others, yet I comprehend the two sides of the contention, in spite of the fact that I do emphatically trust it is best that we ensure the rainforest than crush it. I do understand that you are frantically attempting to form into one of the world's most monetarily created nations. While wrecking the rainforest would initially create an enormous pay, I comprehend, the benefits would not be as incredible if the characteristic assets were to be overseen in a manageable methodology later on. Amazonia will in the long run be denied of its assets at this going rate †the impacts this will cause will be hard to determine. Right off the bat, Amazonia is a lifestyle to the indigenous individuals; they have lived in this rainforest for a great many years. If you somehow managed to wreck Amazonia, these individuals would be driven away from their homes as their country/natural surroundings would impede lumberjacks, and lawful enactments would not allow local people to wait, as they don't have ‘ownership deeds', as you know about. This may cause more deforestation, as the clans would need to discover new regions in the rainforest to live †others may move (once in a while illicitly) to different nations in South America or even far and wide; so they will turn out to be all the more thickly populated with for the most part uneducated Brazilians, as, a large portion of the indigenous individuals have never gone to class. At present, South America has an expanding populace of about 371 million individuals. Outstandingly, the most thickly populated nations in South America are Brazil (186,112,794) trailed by Colombia (42,954,279), Venezuela (25,375,231) and afterward Ecuador (13,363,593). Every one of these nations are halfway secured by the Amazonian Rainforest †if it somehow managed to be demolished, a dominant part of these individuals would probably relocate to another nation situated in South America, most likely a MEDC contrasted with the others, as it would be less expensive and simple to reach. By crushing the rainforest you would place your nearby progress in risk, just to bring in cash, in which I would concur, this would improve the nations economy in the far off future †however it doesn't really make this right. Not exclusively would decimating the Amazonian rainforest effectsly affect local people, the results of crushing it would have a worldwide effect. Appropriately, the vegetation of the rainforest represents 20% of the world's flexibly of oxygen †which could be a reason for worry to the local well evolved creatures on our planet. In the event that the trees and plants were to be annihilated the CO2 would likewise cause an incredible hazard; being discharged into the climate, as an ozone depleting substance, will contribute hugely to a dangerous atmospheric devation. Our relatives will experience the ill effects of these impacts; be seeing flooding and atmosphere changes around the world, if you somehow managed to act untrustworthily and pulverize Amazonia. Would you be able to envision your kids being influenced by this worldwide effect? It definitely should vanquish the ethics of decimating the Amazonian Rainforest in any case. As you should know about, the rainforest's normal decent variety is gigantic. It's home to more than 1000 diverse tree species; 40,000 plants, 2. 5 million creepy crawlies, 3000 fish, 1,300 winged creatures, 440 warm blooded creatures, 430 creatures of land and water and 380 reptiles. Devastating the living spaces of the wide assortment of these species will make a greater part of them become wiped out, as most can't be found anyplace else on the planet. It is a direct result of the tropical atmosphere in your district of the world that these species exist, and the climate is ideal for them to endure and flourish. The plants, as you will know, contradict the potential in containing unfamiliar prescriptions which can fix lethal infections; which could profit the human progress for eternity. This might give you an option for making colossal wholes of cash †extricating medications that can fix overall spread maladies that will consistently be sought after. Be that as it may, then again, annihilating the rainforest will give the world numerous important assets like hardwoods and building materials; which are basic in worldwide turn of events. Your nation would get a generous measure of cash as these materials can be utilized for a great deal of useful uses aswell †featuring there overall advantages. At long last, pulverizing Amazonia would give key callings, for example, lumberjacks, dairy cattle farmers and excavators to the nearby individuals who look for work which requires pretty much nothing/no training. This is significant for them as they will have the option to manage the cost of a superior standard of life, where their family will profit by. In any case, these individuals are just, be that as it may, intrigued by their own riches admission †not nature around them. They essentially couldn't care less about the a huge number of creatures that will experience the ill effects of their activities †yet it is you that can forestall this, or even simply change these events. Nonetheless, this is justifiable for their benefit; they need cash to endure, yet the purposes behind deforestation are effectively outshone by the way that the rainforest should be safeguarded. Also, those nearby individuals can competently make a moderately enormous measure of cash if they somehow managed to function as a demonstration of supportable turn of events. Basic cultivating strategies could be instructed to the nearby individuals, which are proficient in developing sensible measures of produce, on numerous occasions; these assignments would be set in chosen zones of the rainforest †in this way this permits various areas of Amazonia to be ensured and neighborhood individuals can be furnished with free information and training, to profit the nature of their produce and its effectiveness of being all the more naturally perfect and successful. Mining organizations could be limited into just having the option to mine lone certain sums/kinds of the minerals underneath the rainforest flooring, at various interims during a year/month. Expenses can be introduced on every metal the outside organizations remove, so the nation itself would get additional measures of cash from work they don't take an interest in, as their own assets are being arranged. When postulations mines have been depleted †denied of all their normal assets †the organizations must reforest the zone, to help fix the harm to the earth. This conceivable enactment can likewise be applied to the logging enterprises. The trees chop down ought to be supplanted quickly by the seeds of that species †afforestation. This would in any event empower the endurance of the vegetation in Amazonia later on. Likewise by and by, it could be satisfactory to put a duty on the more costly tree species which are chopped down, which would diminish the organizations benefits which may keep them from chopping down such a significant number of them; and the neighborhood governments would get this cash which might expand their yearly income drastically . Ecotourism will give work to the neighborhood individuals, however more critically help the economy, much the same as the entirety of the other reasonable exercises, yet the distinction would be; the valuable improvement to the notoriety and notoriety of the rainforest. Amazonia's normal excellence will be acknowledged as it merits, with an insignificant measure of deforestation, and a worldwide interest to observe its greatness, which will consistently be steady †getting significant expenses from every traveler. The utilization of ecotourism could be reached out to the manifestations of national saves and stops, in and outside of Amazonia; which would give a wide scope of work and the possibility to be the most ‘exotic' of the world's national parks, which would make a visit there profoundly costly and along these lines gainful for the nations. By following these approaches, horrendous results are being forestalled and bargains have been established to guarantee that the two gatherings of individuals, needing to secure the rainforest and pulverize the rainforest are content with the understanding. On the off chance that any of these enactments were to be broken, at that point fines could be utilized to make negative exposure for the organizations; which could diminish their prominence harshly and harm the affordable structure. All in all I unequivocally accept that you should attempt your up-generally hardest to secure the Amazonian Rainforest. While you have a lot of supportable approaches to give your nation assets expected to grow effectively, your nearby individuals can likewise profit by the new enactments I unequivocally suggest you actualize. If you somehow managed to choose to decimate the whole rainforest, a dangerous atmospheric devation would imperil the world, and for that sole explanation different nations would endeavor to stop you, making wars, so as to definitely spare the plant. Your lone adequate purpose behind chopping down the rainforest is to bring in cash from the a lot of regular assets you produce. In any case, when the rainforest would be totally annihilated, you will have nothing that is important remaining. In addition, the benefit you would make from the different procedures of maintainable turn of events, in a moderately brief timeframe period, at around a matter of 10 years, would be more prominent than if you somehow managed to wreck the rainforest completely. So you could get a superior ‘turn-over' from sparing the planet, in the long run. It isn't basic that you completely chop down the rainforest. Wrecking it will cause undeniably a greater number of contentions and overall loathsomeness than leaving Amazonia to furnish us with the assets required.

Famous people who didnt go to MIT

Famous people who didn’t go to MIT You dont need MIT to be a success. Dont get me wrong I think MIT is an amazing, world-changing place. But its not for everyone. Recently, two people who turned down MIT after being admitted have become quite successful, and I applaud them for it! Let me tell you a bit about Kevin Gillespie and J.R. Hildebrand. In 1997-98, a student named Kevin Gillespie applied to MIT from a relatively small public school in Georgia. He was the first applicant from his school to MIT in a long time, perhaps the first ever. He was admitted. But he said no. Heres the story, from the Atlanta Journal-Constitution: One day, about eight years ago, Kevin Gillespie received an envelope from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Not just any envelope, but the fat one, with a letter of admission addressed to the Henry County High School senior. Once Gillespie got over his shock, he hid the envelope. Hid it from his parents, friends and college placement counselors so he could rethink his ambition to become a nuclear engineer. Gillespie eventually fessed up and told his parents he didnt want to go to MIT, despite the nice scholarship thrown in for good measure. He wanted to go to the Art Institute of Atlanta and study cooking. His mother â€" who may be eligible for sainthood â€" told him it was good that he knew what he was meant to do early in life. It looks like she was right. Gillespie is now the chef and a partner at Woodfire Grill, the Cheshire Bridge Road restaurant that became an instant leader in Atlantas nascent farm-to-table movement when Michael Touhy opened it in 2002. Gillespie is also a new television star, playing himself on the Bravo TV reality series Top Chef. [read more] MIT alums have told me of their wonderful meals at Kevins Woodfire Grill (Im jealous). MIT is great, but not right for Kevin. By following his culinary gifts, he has made the world better through food. In 2005-06, a student named J.R. Hildebrand applied to MIT from a strong public high school in the Bay Area of California. He was a bright young man who enjoyed cars and racing. Like Kevin, he was admitted to MIT. In response to the admission offer, he took MITs offer to do a gap year(s) to focus on his racing career, looking to return to MIT if/when his racing career faltered. The (Santa Rosa) Press Democrat has the rest of the story: For 18 years, Maria and John Hildebrand raised a son, J.R., who was athletic and smart. Very smart. In fact, J.R. was so intelligent that he graduated from Redwood High School in Larkspur a semester early and was offered a full academic scholarship to the School of Engineering at MIT. Wow, huh? Maria, a longtime elementary school teacher, was understandably proud. So was John, a CPA in San Francisco. But John, who also has a passion for racing vintage cars, could see something in J.R.s future that his wife could not. One day, John told Maria that it was possible J.R. was so brilliant in a race car that he may not attend college. Instead, he might take his 4.12 GPA, his soon-to-be-arriving acceptance letters to MIT, Cal and UCLA, and pursue his dream of becoming a professional race car driver. Maria, of course, processed this information. And sort of flipped out, I remember immediately saying Theres no way hes not going to college. I thought You have got to be kidding me.' No joke. Fast forward about four years and J.R. Hildebrands dream is a reality. Hildebrand, 22, will make his second career IndyCar Series start Sunday in the Grand Prix of Sonoma at Infineon Raceway, the track where he began developing his skills eight years ago at the Jim Russell Racing School. Hildebrand, a Sausalito native, has swiftly ascended through racings minor leagues since bolting for St. Petersburg, Fla., four years ago. In 2006, he won the Formula Ford 2000 championship, setting a series record with 12 wins in 14 races. Two years later, he finished fifth in the Firestone Indy Lights series. Last year, he won the Indy Lights title, joining past champions such as IndyCar megastars Scott Dixon and Tony Kanaan. [read more] Now, J.R. is a very successful racecar driver (btw, racecar is a nice palindrome). Like Kevin, by following his gifts and turning down MIT, J.R. is achieving his dreams. Finally, before you ask the rumor that movie star Will Smith was admitted to MIT is unfortunately not true. He never applied, but if he had, who knows?

Principles And Practices Of Incident Management And...

CHAPTER TWO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND INCIDENT RESPONSE STRENGTHS The information security incident management policy of Blyth’s Books was created in 2010 and has been reviewed four times in five years. Those covered by its scope are clearly stated. It stresses the importance of incident management to the organisation and has the support of upper level management. This policy complies with the Computer Misuse Act (1990) which was an act made to secure computer systems and networks from unapproved access. By complying with legal obligation, Blyth’s Books can pursue legal or disciplinary action against anyone (employee or otherwise) guilty of breaching their systems. WEAKNESSES The Data Protection Act (1998) provides the principles which must be adhered to in order to ensure the total protection of data while the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 27035 presents organisations with guidance in the management of information security incidents. This standard stipulates that an organisation should have a clear and concise information security incident management policy. The security incident management policy of Blyth’s Books while compliant with the Computer Misuse Act (1990) does not show that it is compliant with the Data Protection Act (DPA) (1998) and the DPA (1998) being a legal aspect of the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 27035, which must be adhered to, this policy is also not compliant with the standard.Show MoreRelatedPrinciples And Practices Of Incident Management And Incident Response1380 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER TWO PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND INCIDENT RESPONSE STRENGTHS The information security incident management policy of Blyth’s Books was created in 2010 and has been reviewed four times in five years. Those covered by its scope are clearly stated. It stresses the importance of incident management to the organisation and has the support of upper level management. This policy complies with the Computer Misuse Act (1990) which was an act made to secure computer systems andRead MoreEssay on The National Response Framework852 Words   |  4 PagesThis is especially true during the response phase. The National Response Framework (NRF) is a great example of a national community reference. According to FEMA’s publication, â€Å"The National Response Framework,† from 2013, the NRF is a guide which describes the basis of national response to any form of disaster. The NRF was developed from a long line of response guidance plans. The first was the Federal Response plan which was replaced by the National Response Plan. Then in 2008, the NRF was developedRead MoreEssay on The National Incident Management System1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe National Incident Management System Our experiences of domestic terrorist attacks have taught us many things. 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It is a fact that emails are commonly used to perform what is known as social engineering. According to Dictionary.com, the aim of social engineering is to trick people into revealing passwords or other information that compromises a target systemsRead MoreFederal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )1652 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Emergency Management Agency There exist numerous types of situations that could cause an emergency response, nonetheless, who is supposed to provide emergency response to large scale emergencies? The answer is the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); specifically the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The Department of Homeland Security was created in lieu of one single event that happened on September 11th, 2001. There stand several entities under the DHS program, additionally;

John D. Rockefeller Vs. Thomas Edison - 1545 Words

John D. Rockefeller Versus Thomas Edison In 1863, John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) entered the oil business in Cleveland, Ohio and became one of the world’s wealthiest men by being the founder of the Standard Oil Company. Standard Oil was a major source of income in the late 1800’s, taking up a large percentage of the United States refineries. It eventually became the largest oil refinery in the world. But in 1911, U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the company was not legal due to violations of laws. The Standard Oil Company was classified as a monopoly because it was the only supplier of oil, and there were not any substitutes for this good. Just as Rockefeller created and founded the Standard Oil Co., Thomas Edison created thousands inventions that have greatly helped the United States and other countries all around the world. Edison (1847-1931) was a well known inventor and businessman. One of the most well known inventions by Edison was the incandescent light bulb, which produces light by heating a wire with electricity. He also created the movie camera, phonograph and vote recorder which are just to name a few of the thousands of patents Edison had on his inventions. Rockefeller was born in Richford, New York and went to high school at Cleveland Central High School, where he studied bookkeeping. He went on to working as an office clerk at the age of 16. Likewise, Edison began working at the young age of 12 where he sold newspapers. He eventually went on to publishing hisShow MoreRelatedSocialism And The Current System Of Capitalism1500 Words   |  6 Pagesto choose what we want to buy, the right to own your own business, the right to have the drive to do better than others. Without capitalism we would not have what we have today. We never would have had the giants like: John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Henry Ford, Thomas Edison and so many others. 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The Southern states also enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes to ensure the denial of voting for the Souths black population. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Souths segregation in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896), declaring that separate but equal facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th Amendment. Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Following the panic of 1873 and the resulting depression, railroad workers went on strike after their wagesRead MoreAmerican History Eoc Study Guide5327 Words   |  22 PagesMorgan for $480 million. He believed in the â€Å"Gospel of Wealth†- Wealthy people had a duty toward the rest of society. (pg. 469) b) â€Å"Gospel of Wealth†: A speech that including giving back to fellow men because of personal wealth. 5) John D. Rockefeller Oil: Started the oil business in 1863 and started his company Standard Oil. He used vertical integration (acquiring companies that supplied his business). 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Perhaps the most famous example is John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company of Ohio. Rockefeller initially created a trade association of refiners, and became its first president. Ultimately, this association became a massive, vertically integrated, centralized corporation. By 1880, the Standard Oil group or

A Brief Overview of World War I Free Essays

The World War 1 conflict began in 1914 to 1918. It started as a nearby European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28th 1914. It transformed into a general European struggle by declaration of the following nations known as the ‘Allies’ and the ‘Associated Powers’; Great britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United states. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Overview of World War I or any similar topic only for you Order Now These nations defied the coalition(central powers). The assassination at Sarajevo in bosnia immediately caused the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on June 28th 1914. The Triple Entente was involved in the first world war along with the Triple Alliance. The Triple alliance was formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882. These Countries agreed to assist each other if attacked by either France or Russia. In WW1, Germany attacked France which caused the Triple alliance to support them in there war. Russia, who feared the growth in the German army, joined up with Britain and France which eventually formed the Triple Entente. The Russian Government was also very cautious and concerned about the possibility of Austria-Hungary increasing the size of their army’s population. One of the causes of World War was that they made all the aforementioned items join in the war (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) and then was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, him and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was part of Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary was in protest of having control of this region. Serbia wanted Herzegovina and Bosnia to belong to them. This assassination led to Serbia being declared of war by Austria-Hungary. When Russia began to mobilize because of its alliance with Serbia, Germany quickly declared war on Russia. This expanded the war including all those involved in the mutual defense alliances. Another cause was Nationalism. Bosnia and Herzegovina no longer wanted to be part of Austria-Hungary but instead be part of Serbia because most of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples. nationalism led directly to the War in this way. The nationalism of countries throughout Europe contributed to the extension of the war and the beginning- in a general way. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power through this. The Battle of Gallipoli was one of the major events that occurred in WW1. This battle began in 1915. By the spring, it sunk stalemate as there was combat on the Western Front. Trenches that stretched from the English channel to the swiss border, there were Enemy troops basically staring at each other. Neither opponent could outflank its enemy resulting in costly direct attacks on well-fortified defenses. Movement of each sides were predicted at the beginning of the conflict had devolved into deadly war(or stagnation). The Battle of Verdun is another major event caused it WW1. it is considered the greatest and lengthiest battle in world history. There has never been a more lengthy battle such as this one, involving so many men, situated on such a tiny piece of land. The battle of Verdun lasted from 21 February 1916 until 19 December 1916 caused over an estimated 700,000 casualties (dead, wounded and missing). The battlefield wasn’t even ten square kilometres. There can be no justification for these losses from a strategic point of view. The battle transformed into a matter of prestige of two nations literally for the sake of fighting! Economic change: Technology and weapons experienced a great boost after the war, as the production of automobiles, airplanes, radios, guns, weapons of mass destruction(WMA), and even certain chemicals, boosted wildly. The advantages of mass production and the use of machinery to perform former human labor tasks and encounters, proved to stimulate the economy, the United States’ in for example. Much of Europe suffered eye opening losses of property and landscape as well as finances. Europe had the respect of the world as a very reliable money-lender by 1914. Yet just four years later, Europe was in danger for their greatly in debt to her allies for their financial contributions towards the war effort, owing them round about $10 billion. For them to pay back their allies, Many of the European governments began to rapidly print a lot of money, only to subject their countries to a period of inflation. The middle class members who had been living rather comfortably on investments started to experience a bumpy financial period. Germany was hit the hardest in struggling terms with the war reparations, and the German mark drastically lowered the inflation value. In 1923,No more than three months into that year, the German mark boosted from 4. 6 million marks to the dollar to 4. 2 trillion marks to the German dollar. It occurred that the inflation knew it had no bounds. How to cite A Brief Overview of World War I, Essays

Contemporary Hotel and Tourism Issues Business Exploration

Question: Describe about the Contemporary Hotel and Tourism Issues for Business Exploration. Answer: Introduction Rise in population and mixing of culture has risen the opportunity to explore unseen beauty of nature. People on different corners of the world have raised 4.4% travel record indicating 1184 million in 2015, which is associated with 4% increase in international tourist arrival (Wu et al. 2016). Even though tourism has been expanded a lot, still there are many issues that this industry has to face. In this report, three most impactful issues that tourism industry has to face will be discussed. Cost of fuel, political condition and environmental constraints will be explained throughout in this report. Change in fuel prices and change in tourism demand due to price hike will be explained. Transnational relationship keeps on changing, which eventually sets up the fluidity of tourism. Considerable impact of political changes will be explained in this report. Finally, even though environmental protection initiatives are designed to promote sustainable tourism, still it influences hospitality sector functionality, which will be further explained in this paper. Global Issues Cost of Fuel (Global Issue 1) Tourism is one of the prime sectors in Australia, which is effected by the rising cost of fuel. As per the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the tourism industry of Australia contributes 3% to the GDP of national economy. The statistic also demonstrates that Australian tourism achieved almost 647,200 visitor arrivals duringSeptember 2016 (Ruhanen, Mclennan and Moyle 2013). Rising cost of fuel has become a global tourism issues and it is not limited within Australia. Travel and tourism is highly dependent for rising cost of fuel. According to World Tourism Organization, the international tourism arrival grew by 4% until 2013 (Hall, Scott and Gssling 2013). However, rising cost of energy has forced the tourism sectors to cut down their amenities and increase the price for the tickets. According to Tarrant et al. (2014), recent rise of gasoline has major impact on overall tourism industry. The high season for travelling is summer and in this time rise in gasoline causes the tourism industry to raise their ticket price. It causes the travelers to adjust their spending with the increasing ticket price. On the other hand, Ruhanen, Mclennan and Moyle (2013) opined that airline is the most affected transported medium within tourism industry with the rising cost of fuel. However, customers have option to choose the alternative medium, which involved cheapest travelling cost. However, while travelling between airport and exact location of hotel, the passengers are bound to pay extra charge of transportation medium due to increasing fuel price. Therefore, there has been a decreasing rate of traveler on the overall global tourism industry, which is preventing the development of the industry (Mariani et al. 2014). According to Werthner et al. (2015), in case of hotel accommodation, the rates of hotels are also highly affected by the rising cost of fuel. As per the location specific requirement, the hotel room must be lit, cooled, heated and humidified. Therefore, most of hotels in tourism industry have started to provide poor service to the customers for adjusting with rising fuel price. It is creating under-development of tourism industry in an international basis. On the other hand, Duval (2013) opined that rising price of fuel is also forcing the tourism sectors towards cost cutting through firing employees. It has been found that The Grace Hotel in Australia had taken strategy of employee firing due to rising price. They had taken the strategy to adjust with increasing rate of fuel. However, in this way, the organization lost various talented employees towards the development of the organization. Moreover, 6% decline in global visitors has been found when gas hit $4 (Hospitality Net 2016). Furthermore, business traveler has reduced their number of business trips and scheduled them with lot of other appointments. Political Condition (Global Issue 2) Political condition has been a major challenge to the global tourism industry. According to Cohen and Cohen (2012), tourism industry is to deal with ever confusing and complicated political reality in an international basis. Tourism is the major industry contributing to the national economy of a country. Therefore, an ever-increasing support can be found in every countrys Government towards the tourism industry. However, visa restrictions are always associated with the tourism industry while operating in international basis. For example, due to political instability, Malaysian Government has banned the visa of Israel (Cohen and Cohen 2012). Therefore, the tourism industry in Malaysia is facing huge loss from decreasing rate of visitors. On the other hand, opined that terrorism and political instability can maximize variants in tourist arrival up to 74%. Duval (2013) pointed out that an increase of 1% political instability can reduce tourism revenue up to 36%. Moreover, tourism activi ties can also be at high risk due to uncertain political environment like civil wars, coups and social unrest. It can create vulnerability and terminate the decision for the development of tourism industry. As per ocr.org.uk (2016), political instability among different country can also causes increasing terrorist attack on the concerned countries. Therefore, the tourists can be highly affected and unsafe with such terrorist attack. For example, due to increasing civil war in Iraq and increasing terrorist attack in Iran, USA has posted serious travel warning on traveling to these countries. Therefore, a lack of development can be found on the tourism industry on these countries. On the other hand, Mariani et al. (2014) opined that the Government of developed countries such as USA and UK impose high tax on the tourism sectors operating in an international basis. Therefore, it creates increasing operational cost for the tourism sectors in an international basis. According to Hall, Scott and Gssling (2013), political condition in relations to cultural aspect may also influence the tourism industry in an international ground. It has been found the cultural aspect of USA and Australia is com pletely different from those of Iran, Iraq and Dubai. Therefore, the tourists of these countries are most unlikely to visit USA and Australia, which is severely affecting the tourism industry of these countries (Libguides.cdu.edu.au 2016). Environmental Issue (Global Issue 3) Negative impact of tourism on environment happens when level of tourist use is higher than the ability of the environment to cope up with its acceptable limits. Uncontrolled conventional tourism imposes negative threat on the environment. Pulido-Fernndez, Andrades-Caldito and Snchez-Rivero (2015) opined that most of the tourism sectors in developed counties like UK and USA have able to establish controlled carbon emission. However, due to financial constraints, developing countries are still struggling in balancing environmental sustainability and revenue earning capability. According to Buckley (2012), coastal areas are the most fragile part of ecosystem and therefore hospitality sector even though has the capacity to allow huge tourists to experience coastal flavor still they need to limit tourist access, which hampers revenue earning. On the other hand, Duval (2013) pointed out that in order to conserve ecosystem in Philippines, utilization of available forest resources have been made limited, due to which hospitality sector has to import items from abroad, which is increasing cost of capital. According to Duval (2013), due to global warming top tourist attraction in Thailand such as Pattya and Krabi is facing massive climate change. This has resulted in discrete tourist concentration all throughout the year. From September to January there is huge flow of tourists but the rest of the months are facing lack of tourist concentration. On the other hand, Werthner et al. (2015) pointed out that in India, Goa and Shimla is having huge tourist attraction throughout the last decade. However, the government has banned the use of plastic, hence hospitality sector has to depend on can, glass and reusable materials for food delivery, which adds up to service cost. Tarrant et al. (2014) opined that due to environmental protection, countries that completely depend on tourism such as Macau, Bahamas, Bermuda, Aruba and Tanzania have to acquire latest technologies that will reduce carbon emission. These countries are still not able to implement comfortable transport system or logistics options. Most of the necessary products, equipments and tourist necessities are to be bought from neighboring countries, which increases the service cost. Furthermore, Ruhanen, Mclennan and Moyle (2013) pointed out that with the increase of service cost, the hospitality industry of such countries are losing demand from middle class people, which impact mostly on the countrys economy. Finally, Mariani et al. (2014) pointed out that while ensuring environmental conservation, tourism industry is not able to develop its innovative products and services as those may hamper environmental protection laws. A whole nation may have diverse tourism sectors but not all those may fall under same environmental conservation laws, which ultimately limit innovation in hospitality sector. Conclusion While summarizing, it can be said that the global tourism industry has to endure a lot to expand and sustain. Cost of fuel keeps on changing from time to time especially in the developing nations, which impacts tourism. With the increase in fuel price, the transportation sectors are being forced to increase their ticket price. Therefore, the tourists are becoming less willing to spend money on travelling. In is creating huge loss on travel and tourism sector. Apart from that the rise in fuel price also increases the hotel rates. Therefore, it has dropped the visitor rate for international tourism sector. Political conditions and international relations in developed countries impacts on tourism supply chain. Higher tax rate imposed by developed countries increases the visa charge of the tourist and operation cost of tourism sector. Apart from that, increasing terrorism attack also hampers the developmental phase of tourism sector. Environmental issues affect tourism industry by limiti ng revenue earning capability and innovation as well. Reference List Buckley, R., 2012. Sustainable tourism: Research and reality.Annals of Tourism Research,39(2), pp.528-546. Cohen, E. and Cohen, S.A., 2012. Current sociological theories and issues in tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,39(4), pp.2177-2202. Duval, D.T., 2013. Critical issues in air transport and tourism.Tourism Geographies,15(3), pp.494-510. Hall, C.M., Scott, D. and Gssling, S., 2013. The primacy of climate change for sustainable international tourism.Sustainable Development,21(2), pp.112-121. Hospitality Net. 2016.Hospitality Net - "TOURISM TIDBITS" -Some of the Principal Issues Facing the Travel Industry | By Dr. Peter Tarlow. [online] Available at: https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4074058.html [Accessed 25 Nov. 2016]. Mariani, M.M., Buhalis, D., Longhi, C. and Vitouladiti, O., 2014. Managing change in tourism destinations: Key issues and current trends.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,2(4), pp.269-272. ocr.org.uk. 2016. [online] Available at: https://ocr.org.uk/images/68887-unit-05-current-issues-in-travel-and-tourism.pdf [Accessed 25 Nov. 2016]. Pulido-Fernndez, J.I., Andrades-Caldito, L. and Snchez-Rivero, M., 2015. Is sustainable tourism an obstacle to the economic performance of the tourism industry? Evidence from an international empirical study.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(1), pp.47-64. Ruhanen, L.M., Mclennan, C.L.J. and Moyle, B.D., 2013. Strategic issues in the Australian tourism industry: A 10-year analysis of national strategies and plans.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,18(3), pp.220-240. Tarrant, M.A., Lyons, K., Stoner, L., Kyle, G.T., Wearing, S. and Poudyal, N., 2014. Global citizenry, educational travel and sustainable tourism: evidence from Australia and New Zealand.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(3), pp.403-420. Werthner, H., Alzua-Sorzabal, A., Cantoni, L., Dickinger, A., Gretzel, U., Jannach, D., Neidhardt, J., Prll, B., Ricci, F., Scaglione, M. and Stangl, B., 2015. Future research issues in IT and tourism.Information Technology Tourism,15(1), pp.1-15. Wu, C.H., Ho, G.T.S., Lam, C.H.Y., Ip, W.H., Choy, K.L. and Tse, Y.K., 2016. An online niche-market tour identification system for the travel and tourism industry.Internet Research,26(1), pp.167-185.

The Blue People Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Blue People Essay, Research Paper The Blue People of Troublesome Creek Trost, Cathy. The Blue People of troublesome Creek. Science, November 1982. Pp. 35-39. Martin Fugate was a Gallic orphan who settled on the Bankss of eastern Kentucky s Troublesome Creek. His great-great-great-great grandson was born non far from Troublesome Creek. He was born with dark bluish tegument that appeared to be the colour of a bruised plum. This colour was due to blood inherited from past coevalss. His great-great-great-great grandson Benjy lost his bluish shade within a few hebdomads. His lips and fingernails still turn a shadiness of purple-blue when he gets cold or angry. The people that have this are merely known as bluish people. The recessionary cistron causes this complaint. Madison Cawein, a haematologist from the University of Kentucky came down to troublesome Creek in the 1960 s to bring around the bluish people, Martin Fugate s posterities had multiplied their recessionary cistrons all over the Cumberland Plateau. We will write a custom essay sample on The Blue People Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cawein merely found the bluish people with the aid of Ruth Pendergrass. Ruth was besides known as a great large nurse. Ruth discovered a bluish individual when it walked into the wellness section that she worked at. She tried to expose this find so the bluish disease could be cured. Cawein say s, They were truly embarrassed to be bluish. After governing out bosom and lung diseases, the physician suspected methemoglobinemia, a rare familial blood upset that consequences from extra degrees of methemoglobin in the blood. Methemoglobin, which is bluish, is a nonfunctional signifier of the ruddy haemoglobin that carries O. It is the colour of oxygen-depleted blood seen in the blue veins merely below the tegument. E.M. Scott, a Public Health Service physician at the Arctic Health Research Center in Anchorage had written a Journal of Clinical Investigation. In this he had discovered familial methemoglobinemia among Alaskan Eskimos and Indians. It was caused by an absence of the enzyme diaphoreses from their ruddy blood cells. This status is a recessionary trait so it would most frequently appear in an inbred line. Merely like the Alaskans, their blood had accumulated so much of the blue molecule that it overwhelmed the ruddy of normal haemoglobin that shows through as pink in the tegument of most Caucasians. Cawein decided methylene blue was the absolutely obvious counterpoison. Cawein chose methylene blue because it had been used successfully and safely in other instances and because it acts so rapidly. Once he injected each patient with the 100 mgs of the counterpoison the bluish colour was gone from their tegument.

Wind Power essays

Wind Power essays For many centuries wind has been used as a reliable source of energy. It is clean and inexhaustible. Wind is used to make the job of a human simpliar. It is used for grinding grain, pumping water, and to enable sail boats to move. Though often the amount of wind power varies depending on the climate of an area. Although wind power is only used in selected areas the recent interest in fuel conservation has sparked the development of windfarms. In the 1980s a studied showed that in order to produce one kilowatt- hour of energy cost 4 cents. The best known horizontal axis machine in the United States is the American farm windmill which is frequently used to pump water. This machine has rotor with up to 20 blades mounted on a horizontal shaft and a tail-vane. A tail-vane is to keep the rotor facing inot the wind by swiveling the machine. Unlike the farm windmill, the modern windmill only use four blades to generate electricity and are able to operate at high rotor speeds. The Jacobs three blade windmill, which was used widely between 1930 and 1960, could deliver about I kilowatt of power at a typical wind speed of 14 miles per hour. Lately a different type of windmill has been used. It is a large horizontal two bladed wind turbine. These were first installed in Ohio in 1975. Another type of windmill which has a rotor diameter of 400 feet and a shaft height of 250 can produce 6,200 kilowatts of power . These were first places in oahu, Hawaii. The term wind farm is used for a large number of wind mills, that are clusters at a site with a moderately constant wind, These are generally near mountain passes. With in the united states wind farms appear in New Hampshire, California, and Hawaii. At these sites the machine capacities range from 10 to 500 kilowatts. In 1984 the total energy output of all the wind farms in the united states exceeded 150 million kilowatt-hours. ...

The Inter-relationship between Structural Engineering and Architecture Essay

The Inter-relationship between Structural Engineering and Architecture - Essay Example Throughout human history, architects have ranged from learned men revered by royalty, to anonymous craftsmen rising through the ranks of guilds. Both have built castles, cathedrals, and chateaux. Until the last century, there were no schools of architecture, no building codes, etc. There were no ready-made building materials to purchase structures. Anyone could hang out a shingle as an architect, and did (Schekkerman). Barbacci (Barbacci) describes; traditionally, the architect was a master in control of all functional, structural, and aesthetic decisions; the method of construction; and the supervision of the building process. This tradition continued until the 19th century, where the complexity of the application of structural steel forced architects to deligate the matter to the structural engineers. The primary role of the architect as the overall builder was further diminished during the 20th century by the growth in complexity of building systems such as the passenger elevators (Schekkerman). Today, building human shelter is no longer a work of any single individual, rather by a group of specialists from various fields. Thus, building a shelter is already a collective effort amongst talents of a team. Architects now had to collaborate with mechanical and electrical engineers as well. Engineers in these disciplines were experts in their subject matter but not on buildings and could not assume the role of the architect. The need for people whose professional focus was on the design of buildings but whose education as engineers allowed them to master the technologies and materials in structural, mechanical, and electrical systems led to the emergence of architectural engineering as a new profession (Schekkerman). The relationship between practising architects and structural engineers is to achieve the common goal of creating a work of architecture. Yet the very roots of modern misconceptions about this process are that the conventional' architect purports to represent art while the conventional' engineer purports to represent science. This was not, however how the creators of Gothic Cathedrals saw it (Ardill).Circa 25 BCE, Vitruvius described the role of an architect as (Schekkerman): The ideal architect should be a man of letters, a mathematician, familiar with historical studies, a diligent of philosophy, acquainted with music, not ignorant of medicine, learned in the responses of jurisconsultis, familiar with astronomy andastronomical calculations. The architect has the vision; the structural engineer creates the reality. Engineers are artists grounded in concrete, steel, and glass (among other materials), and it is up to them to ensure that a building can be built as it was designed. Engineers work in close partnership with architects throughout the design process, and when analysing the finished product, it is often difficult to clearly define between the two professionals (Hagberg).The Architect has always been perceived as the "Artist". Most Architectural drawings can be a true work of art that has been affectionately created with a zealous eye for detail. The architect coordinates the entire design and ensures that from the aesthetic point of view his intentions are being conveyed with every

MANAGEMENT REPORT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MANAGEMENT REPORT - Assignment Example The revenue from the natural resource makes the country rich. That is why the country has seen a sustained economic growth in last few years even though the rest of the world was suffering from global financial crisis. For years Qatar was among the fastest growing economy, but from the crisis period in 2008 it is among the top three countries in terms of the growth of GDP. The positive economic scenario allows the banking sector of Qatar to grow. Qatar is the place where the eastern sides meet western people. Apart from the domestic business houses, the hydrocarbon economy has attracted many foreign investors to invest in Qatar, Kerbaj (2006). The contribution of Petroleum is 70% of the government revenue, 85% of the export earning and more than 60% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. According to Shachmurove (2009) a very interesting fact about Qatar is that, there is no income tax for Qatari and GCC nationals. However, it is not a tax free country. Taxes are being collected from business houses, corporate and foreign investor. That is why the banking system in Qatar is bit different from the rest of the world. The apex bank of the country is Central Bank of Qatar. Many commercial bank and foreign banks are operating in the territory of the country. The banking system of Qatar is secure, well financed and well regulated. Regular banking services like, retail banking, corporate banking, branch banking, online banking, mobile banking, credit and debit facilities are available from the bank. Hasim & Chaker (2009) argued that, like in other parts of the world Qatar is also bending towards using new technologies in the banking system such as online banking and telephonic banking as these instruments have made banking easier and accessible. Elsamadisy et al. (2013) argued that, the banking scenario has seen a big change during the pre and post global financial crisis. The monetary policies and other banking policies

Concepts At Servant Leadership

Concepts At Servant Leadership According to Greenleaf servant-leaders are driven to serve first, rather than to lead first, always striving to meet the highest priority needs of others. In comparing Christianity and Islamic religion in regards to servant leadership, the characteristics must be observed: listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, commitment to the growth of people, and building community. This paper will address two religions Islamic and Christianity one that is compatible and the other not compatible with Greenleafs characteristics of servant leadership. It will focus on TDIndustries, which has demonstrated servant leadership. Also, it will explain the importance of self-awareness and emotional intelligence and the role it play in enabling leaders. In 1977 Robert Greenleaf introduced the concept of servant leadership. Servant-leaders emphasize the development and elevation of followers. Servant-leadership is a natural feeling; it serves others by investing in their development and well being for the benefit of the common good. The core Christian values include hope, righteousness, love, and putting God first in our lives. Christianity share similar values of servant leadership. In Matthew 20:26-28, Christ tells us that we need, first of all, to lead in an attitude of servant hood. Christianity is about a personal relationships with God and with others. Christian servant leaders serve God through investing in others so that together they may accomplish a task for Gods glory. Christians, non-Christians, and women are treated equally in society and American court of law. The majority of Christians regard women with dignity and respect, having been created alongside men in the image of God. The Islamic religion share some but dose not share the essential characteristics of servant leadership. The Islamic religion treats Muslims and non-Muslims very different. Non-Muslims are referred to as dhimmi, which are considered second class citizens. They are not allowed to present evidence against a Muslim in a court of law governed by the Koran. Since his oath was unacceptable in an Islamic court his Muslim opponent could not easily be condemned. In order to defend himself, the dhimmi was obliged to purchase Muslim witnesses at great expense . The punishment that a guilty Muslim received for a crime would be greatly reduced if the victim were a dhimmi. The Islamic state is forbidden from discriminating between citizens on the basis of race, creed, colour or anything else. In origin all the rules of Islam apply equally to Muslims and non-Muslims. Under Islamic Shariah law, non-believers Christians and Jews anyway are permitted to live as long as they support Islam through thei r Dhimmi taxes and are willing to accept what amounts to a third or fourth class existence, always subject to false accusations and ill treatment. Dhimmis always live in fear. Dhimmi is the status of infidels under Islam who are permitted to live in Muslim jurisdictions but only with restrictions as second class citizens. Additionally, Muslim women also suffer under a dual standard and experience second class status. Jack Lowe, Sr. founder of TDIndustries dedication to servant-leadership began many years ago; he developed a leadership approach based on his religious convictions. It was the responsibility of his leaders to build his organization by ensuring the achievement of their employees personal and professional career goals. This servant leadership approach to and management has enabled TDI to make the necessary changes for survival during difficult times. For the last five decades, they seemed increased profit growth and employee satisfaction. By taking care of their employees, TDI is ranked number 36 on Fortune magazines 100 Best Companies to Work For (2006). What makes this organization so great? This is an employee-owned contractor company. The board of directors is elected by employees. According to Jack Lowe Jr. (2006) there are key elements of servant-leadership that are continuously emphasized at TDIndustries: being a servant first, making sure that other peoples needs are served, and serving through listening. Firstly, we are committed to providing outstanding career opportunities by exceeding our customers expectations through continuous aggre ssive improvement. Secondly, to ensure their employees needs are served annual survey are compared to a national average. Finally, top management would invite employees in to discuss critical issues and brainstorm ideas to solve business related problems. Jack Lowe Jr. believes in open communication and through these key elements all employees has an opportunity to share their views and suggestions at least once every two years. TDIndustries has consistently practiced and call attention to the success they have experienced as a result of institutionalizing these key elements of servant leadership. Their strong commitment to servant-leadership has created an environment of mutual trust and respect between employees and leaders. By encouraging and respecting an individual value, team trust is increased. Any by respecting others, the leader in turn earns respect. Where there is strong trust, there is strong commitment to a vision that creates value, meaning, and purpose. Employees know their voices are he ard and leaders are genuinely interested in their ideas. On an interpersonal level, the importance of self awareness to Marvin knows his strengths and weaknesses can help gain the trust of others and increase his credibility, which will increase his leadership effectiveness. On an organizational level, acknowledging the he does not have all the answers and will make mistakes and knowing when to ask for help. Marvin believes having good human skills will have a high degree of self awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with others. By developing his emotional intelligence, he establishes a strong bond with employees and management. His emotional intelligence is key to his skills as a respiratory therapist. Being compassionate about serving his patients is an emotional competence base on empathy. Trustworthiness is a competence that is based on self-regulation. Both of these competencies are critical in helping to make him an outstanding therapist. In closing, servant leadership is not a particular style of leadership, but rather relates to the motivation behind a leaders thoughts, words and actions. Servant leaders must ensure that their vision and principles are in line with other in their organization. While serving other first may not appear easy and is the heart of servant leadership; it could be easier when leaders hold a similar vision and value for themselves. Christianity show more similar characteristics of servant leadership than Islam. Christian servant leaders serve God through investing in others so that together they may accomplish a task for Gods glory. This ultimate accomplishment of Christian leaders will spread to help mentor and grow additional leaders who can be sent out to establish new ministries and train even more leaders. Significant oppositions with servant leadership theory were found within Islam. These oppositions do not preclude servant leadership from being practiced within those traditions but r aise serious questions as to how compatible these traditions actually are with the whole theory and its implications. The Islamic state is forbidden from discriminating between citizens on the basis of race, creed, color or anything else. However, under Islamic Shariah law, non-believers Christians and Jews anyway are permitted to live as long as they support Islam through their Dhimmi taxes and are willing to accept what amounts to a third or fourth class existence, always subject to false accusations and ill treatment. Jack Lowe, Sr. of TDIndustries is regarded as a true visionary in taking this company to the next level in servant leadership. He utilized servant leadership and religious convictions, by consistently treated their 1400 employees the way he wish to be treated and a partner. This is reflected by being a servant first, making sure that other peoples needs are served, and serving through listening. Being true to himself and his employees through servant leadership, h elp to bridge the respect and trust between employees and leaders. Showing self awareness and emotional are key characteristics in servant leadership. Expressing compassion when serving patients and being conscious of what you are good at while acknowledging what you still have yet to learn. This includes admitting when you dont have the answer and owning up to mistakes.

Analysis of Motives and Prospects within the OLI Framework: A Case Study of German FDI in China

Abstract This study deals with an analysis of German FDI in China using the OLI framework, an eclectic framework for analysing FDI. Other theories that aid in explaining German FDI’s motives and prospects in China are the internalisation theory and the product cycle theory. This study is mainly qualitative, using secondary data from existing literature. It suggests that German FDI is guided by internalisation advantages, location-specific advantages, and ownership advantages in its motives and prospects in the Chinese market. The internalisation advantages for German FDI in China include incentives derived from conducting such FDI in the country over other locations or through exporting. Location-specific advantages are identified as cheap, trained labour, export-oriented nature of existing FDI, quality of local infrastructure, access to natural resources, and cooperation agreements with local suppliers and the Chinese government. Ownership advantages, on the other hand, are identified as technology-based infrastructure and management know-how. Introduction This report deals with the analysis of motives and prospects within the OLI framework, focusing on a case study of German foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. To begin with, it is important to define and describe what the OLI Framework is. The OLI framework was developed by Dunning (2010) and is considered an eclectic approach to the study of FDI. It has been a guaranteed viable means to think about MNEs, which likewise paved the way for a range of applied works in economics and international business. Albeit it does not constitute a formal theory in itself, the OLI framework is nevertheless helpful in classifying many recent empirical and analytical studies concerning FDI (Reinert et al., 2009). Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been an important characteristic of globalisation. It is different from portfolio investment since it involves a package of assets and intermediate products and is generally carried out by MNEs (Blanco and Razzaque, 2011). Germany is China’s mo st important trade partner from Europe. In 2003, German companies were placed as the top European investors in China and were ranked as the seventh largest investors in the country. Albeit the ˆ7.9 billion investment of German companies in China comprised a tenfold increase from 1995, this only constituted 1.2 per cent of total German FDI. Most of these investors were manufacturing companies (around 2/3 of all German investors). Some of the pioneer German companies in China are Bayer, Siemens, and Volkswagen, which have been doing business with China for more than a hundred years (Reinert et al., 2009). China has large market potential as proved by about 76 million abundant consumers in the country, which is even larger than Germany’s total population. China is also characterised by low-cost assembly line, which serves as a major driver for investing in the country. Apart from it, its WTO membership has been an important driving factor behind German FDI, as WTO enabled ea sier access to China’s market (Bao, Lin, and Zhao, 2012; Reinert et al., 2009). The issues besetting German FDI in China are the unrelenting legal uncertainties in the country, as shown by the lack of intellectual property rights protection; limited market transparency; the rapidly changing regulatory framework conditions and obstacles; inadequate potential supplier networks; and difficulty in searching for relevant market information due to the problem involving the identification of individual market segments (Reinert et al., 2009). Potential German investments also face high input prices in China, such as high prices for raw materials and electricity, thereby making it all the more difficult to attain profit margins. There is also a rising competition in China in the midst of the growing attractiveness of its market. Given this context, this research intends to look into the intentions and outlook of German FDI in China, using the OLI framework to evaluate them.1.1 Objecti ves of the ResearchThe objectives of the research are described as follows: To analyse the German FDI in China in terms of its motives and prospects within the OLI framework; To describe the theoretical underpinnings surrounding German FDI activities in China; and To analyse how the OLI framework functions as a relevant model for the dynamic development of MNEs and German FDI within the increasingly growing Chinese market. Literature Review This part of the research report presents an array of published works relating to the topic of investigation to give light to the important concepts and to serve as evidence to the claim that may be posited. It also involves a description of methodology and data used.2.1 Methodology and Data UsedThis research is characteristically qualitative, which means that it is value-bound and relies on interpretations. It is predominantly inductive and is carried out in natural settings, discounting the use of quantities and measurements, which are confined within the domain of quantitative research (Klenke, 2008). This research also uses a case study method, which is described as â€Å"the study of the particularity and complexity of a single case† (Simons, 2009: 19), which in this report is the German FDI in China. Case study as this report’s research approach acknowledges the tradition in which it is drawn upon, specifically qualitative research (Simons, 2009). Secondary data a re solely used for this report. These are data that have been collected by a person (e.g. an author) and are being used by another (e.g. a researcher) for his/her own purpose (Oleckno, 2008). These data are therefore non-original. In this research report, they are mainly taken from books, academic journals, and relevant online resources relative to the topic being investigated. The search engines used to locate the needed materials are Google, Scholar Google, and Books Google, from which a number of sources have been uncovered. The journal articles utilised from these search engines are published by Wiley and Elsevier.2.2 Literature Review on the Motives and Prospects of German FDI in ChinaAccording to Zhang (2005), China’s location characteristics would help to understand and appreciate massive FDI in the country. The four determinants of China’s location-specific factors for the influx of FDI are its export-promotion strategy for FDI, its dominant availability of che ap labour, and export-orientation of FDI injected by the countries entering China. In the case of Hong Kong and Taiwan, unique links with China (the Chinese connections) are important determinants. The study uses a qualitative method and a case study design in dealing with the subject matter. Its applicability to the topic under investigation is seen in its direct focus on FDI in China and how China has flourished as a location for countries to engage in FDI. The limitation posed by the study is its emphasis in Hong Kong and Taiwan and does not include German FDI, which does not however mean that the study is already totally irrelevant. In the work of Chen and Reger (2006), German FDI in China has been described as one that has grown larger in size and of higher quality (alongside related technological activities), with long-term motives and broad market orientation. German FDI also seeks new markets and expands market shares within China. The authors second Zhang’s (2005) ea rlier claim for FDI determinants in China, such as cheap, abundant labour, and export orientation; and added some more, including China’s huge domestic market, access to natural resources, and enforced tax incentives. The research approaches used by the authors include a mail survey and a database analysis. The work is applicable to the present study because of its emphasis on the nature of German FDI in China. In a separate study by Pikos (2013), the author presents an investigation of the consequences of FDI for German companies in China. The author highlights the differences amongst the following: FDI in China, FDI elsewhere, and exporting. When size and sector activity are controlled, attributes to FDI in China include turnover, employment, net income, profit margins, and total assets, to name some. Albeit performance is boosted through FDI elsewhere, this is however on smaller scale. It is noted that investing in China results in better outcomes than doing FDI in another country, and this is due to China’s large and rapidly growing market. The methods used by Pikos (2013) are descriptive and econometric analysis in order to address the research topic. The applicability of the work to this research is its description of German FDI in China, thereby aiding the research to give light to the topic. A limitation of the study is its focus on location-specific factors for FDI. On the other hand, Zhang and van den Bulcke (1999) state that the expansion of FDI and its embodied technology are two of the key forces that molded the development of the Chinese automotive industry. Germany is an important source of inward FDI in China’s automotive industry, third to Hong Kong and the United States respectively. FDI in the automotive industry during the 80s was highly focused on the assembly of whole vehicles. In the 1990s, FDI became highly concentrated on the manufacturing of parts and components. Since the Chinese government in the 1990s had stric t control of the Greenfield investment projects for whole vehicle manufacturing, the latecomers encountered quite high entry barriers since dominant positions were already occupied by early movers. European automotive multinationals strongly influenced the restructuring of China’s automotive industry since the 80s. Moreover, China’s European car manufacturers have engaged in cooperation agreements with the Chinese government and local suppliers and often extend technical and financial assistance to local suppliers. An example of this is a 5-billion Chinese Yuan contribution of Shanghai Volkswagen for localisation funds (Zhang and van den Bulcke, 1999). The approach of Zhang and van den Bulcke’s (1999) study is chronological, mainly basing from existing secondary literature. The study is relevant and applicable to the topic under investigation as it provides useful and sufficient insights on the nature of the Chinese automotive industry and the chronological deve lopment of European FDI in the country, which can aid in analysing the current motives and outlook of German FDI in China. The research limitation is bounded within the study’s concentration on the Chinese automotive manufacturing industry. Analysis and Discussion The analysis and discussion provided for this research report is anchored on the literature review being carried out for German FDI in China.3.1 Analysis of German FDI in China Using the OLI FrameworkThe OLI Framework pertains to the three potential sources of advantage; namely Ownership, Location, and Internalisation, that lie beneath an organisation’s decision to enter into a multinational level of operation. Ownership advantages explain the reason/s why firms operate abroad whilst others do not, and indicate that successful multinational enterprises (MNEs) possess firm-specific benefits that enable them to overcome the costs entailed in operating in a foreign country. Location advantages, on the other hand, concentrate on the location aimed by an MNE (Reinert et al., 2009). Access to natural resources serves as a location advantage for choosing China for which to invest, as in the case of German FDI. Additional determinants of location selection for FDI are availability of cheap trained labour (e.g. Chen and Reger, 2006; Pikos, 2013; Zhang, 2005) and quality of local infrastructure (Tang, et al., 2012). Other critical factors are a smooth relationship with Chinese authorities, both central and local; and experience to cope with Chinese bureaucracy (Tang, et al., 2012). Such relationship is the bottom line for German FDI to engage in cooperation agreements with the Chinese government and local suppliers, as earlier highlighted by Zhang and van den Bulcke (1999). Zhang (2005) also highlighted in his work that China’s location characteristics would help to understand and appreciate massive FDI in the country. Internalisation advantages – another embodiment of the OLI framework – provide the influence on how a firm decides to operate abroad, making a trade-off between transaction savings and monitoring costs of a completely-owned subsidiary, on one hand; and the advantages of other forms of entry, such as joint venture and exports, on the other. A main characteristic of this approach is that it provides emphasis on the incentives for the individual firm. Mainstream international trade theory has considered this a current standard, which was not the case in the 1970s when FDI was classically regarded as an international movement of physical capital in pursuit of higher returns (Reinert et al., 2009; Taliman, 2007). The internalisation advantages embodied in the OLI framework are also found in the study of Pikos (2013) in the literature review, which magnifies the differences amongst conducting FDI in China, elsewhere, or through exporting, apparently aiming to ascertain the incentives that can be gained from choosing the most suitable out of the three options. The OLI framework is in fact an eclectic paradigm that provides a general theoretical framework for ascertaining firms’ FDI activities beyond their national borders. The eclectic paradigm is an analytical theory that accommodates other FDI theories a nd views most of the theories as having complementariness with each other (rather than having substitutability) of which their application can be fully enhanced (Tang et al., 2012). Internationalisation theory is one of the general theories of FDI, which views a MNE as an organisation that engages in utilising its internal market to produce products and distribute them efficiently in situations where a regular market encounters failure of operation. In effect, the internationalisation theory regards MNES taking on FDI activities abroad as a way to respond to goods and factor market imperfections, which have in fact prevented international trade and investment to operate efficiently (Tang et al., 2012). Through FDI, MNEs are able to produce and distribute their products via internal markets, thereby enabling them to optimise efficient production and improve the total profits. This notion must also constitute the motives and prospects for German FDI to conduct business in China. It mu st be noted that a MNE only employs FDI if the cost is outweighed by the benefits (Suneja, 2006; Tang et al., 2012). Worthy of note is the idea that in the lens of the internationalisation theory, knowledge, information, and research are intermediate products to be readily and directly traded to other countries due to the risk of loss of knowledge advantage (Rugman, 2002). However, MNEs possess vertical and horizontal integration, enabling the creation of their own internal markets, whereby intermediate products such as technology know-how are converted as a firm’s valuable property. This reflects the ownership advantage embodied in the OLI framework, as discussed by Reinert et al. (2009) and Taliman (2007). Hence, as the MNE sustains its competitive advantage, its ownership such as management know-how can be utilised and bolstered (Tang et al., 2012). The Uppsala Model looks at the internationalisation process as cyclic, experiential, and resource-based learning-by-doing, wh ich seems to foresee later research flows regarding dynamic capabilities and temporary competitive advantages with the internalisation framework (Sanchez and Heene, 2010). Based on the analysis, the internationalisation theory cannot in fact be seen as a separate body of thought from the OLI framework because it has a similar trail with such framework in relation to understanding the motives of a MNE (e.g. German firm) and its outlook to engage its FDI in a country like China. Meanwhile, the product cycle theory describes the so-called ‘wild geese flying’ patterns of foreign trade to explain the different economic development phases of countries. This theory cites three phases of industrial development with which each country attempts to elevate itself o the top phase of industrialisation. The theory says that the mature phase takes place once industrialisation development has been extensively laid down over the entire region or country with robust dynamic growth (Tang et al., 2012). It is interesting to consider that the OLI framework may be fastened over the product cycle theory in analysing German FDI in China, and that the relevance of the framework cannot be set aside when the chronological developments involved in the industrialisation process are taken into account. The applicability of the twin analysis of OLI framework and the product cycle theory is seen in Zhang and van den Bulcke’s (1999) study, which uses chronological discussions to describe the growth of European FDI in China, and cites the ownership-specific, location-specific, and internalisation-specific factors of European firms (e.g. German firms) to invest in the Chinese automotive sector.4. ConclusionThis research report deals with analysing the motives and prospects of German FDI in China within the OLI framework. The OLI framework is an eclectic framework that accommodates other theories of FDI and explains the intentions and outlook of MNEs to engage in FDI in China . The motives and prospects of German FDI to continuously seek to invest in Chinese market is propelled by internalisation advantages (e.g. incentives through conducting FDI in China rather than elsewhere or through exporting); location-specific advantages (e.g. cheap trained labour, export-orientation of FDI; access to natural resources; quality of local infrastructure; cooperation agreements with the central and local governments and local suppliers); and ownership-specific advantages (e.g. management know-how; technology-based infrastructure). The rapidly growing globalised market ushers the German FDI to continuously seek newer FDI prospects within China, beset by the growing competition and search for competitive advantages. References Bao, S., Lin, S., and Zhao, C. (2012) The Chinese Economy After WTO Accession. England, Ashgate Publishing Limited. Blanco, E. and Razzaque, J. (2011) Globalisation and Natural Resources Law: Challenges, Key Issues and Perspectives. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Chen, X. and Reger, G. (2006) The Role of technology in the Investment of German Firms in China. Technovation, 26 (3), 407-415. Dunning, J. H. (2010) New Challenges for International Business Research: Back to the Future. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Klenke, K. (2008) Qualitative Research in the Study of Leadership. Bingley, IWA: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Oleckno, W. A. (2008) Epidemiology: Concepts and Methods. IL: Waveland Press, Inc. Pikos, A. K. (2013) German FDI in China: Consequences for Firms’ Performance (Published Thesis]. Denmark: Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University. Reinert, K. A. and Rajan, R., Glass, A. J., and Davis, L. S. (2009) The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Rugman, A. M. (2002) International Business: Theory of the Multinational Enterprise. New York: Routledge. Sanchez, R. and Heene, A. (2010) Enhancing Competences for Competitive Advantage. First Edition. Bingley, IWA: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Simons, H. (2009) Case Study Research in Practice. First Edition. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Suneja, V. (2006) Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy. New York: Routledge. Taliman, S. B. (2007) A New generation in International Strategic Management. Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Tang, S., Selvanathan, E. A., and Selvanathan, S. (2012) China’s Economic Miracle: Does FDI MatterGlos: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Zhang, K. H. (2005) Why Does So Much FDI From Hong Kong and Taiwan Go to Mainland ChinaChina Economic Review, 16 (3), 293-307. Zhang, H. and van den Bulcke, D. (1999) The restructuring of the Chinese Automotive Industry: The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and Impact of European Multinational Enterprises. Belgium: University of Antwerp. Analysis Of Motives And Prospects Within The Oli Framework: A Case Study Of German Fdi In China Introduction There are a number of theories that explain motives and prospects of FDI. OLI framework is the one that is most widely used by economists. According to OLI, there have to be advantages that can offset costs of making direct investment abroad. In this paper we apply the OLI framework to understand the motives behind German FDI in China. A case study of Volkswagen China is conducted to show the application of OLI in practice, and to demonstrate why FDI abroad can be a success story despite all the difficulties a company faces in a foreign environment. Literature Review One of the earliest theories explained FDI in terms of market imperfections. Kindleberger (1969) argued that for companies to gain advantage by investing abroad market has to be imperfect . If we assume that markets are perfect there is nothing foreign companies can exploit to make enough profits that will offset costs and risks associated with investing abroad (Kindleberger 1969).. The concept of firm-specific advantages was introduced to explain how market imperfections lead to foreign investment. Among these advantages are superior technology and marketing (Caves 1971), cheap labour (Grubel 1968), management skills (Wolf 1977), and exclusive access to natural resources (Lall and Streeten 1977). . Only when a foreign company possesses these firm-specific advantages can it successfully invest and become a major player in a foreign market and compensate for the disadvantages of being foreign in the country of its operation (Hymer 1976). Vernon’s product life cycle is another major FDI theory that tries to explain motives and the rationale behind FDI. Vernon (1966) dissected product life cycle into three distinct phases – innovation, maturity and standardisation Established companies in developed economies invest in new projects to design innovative products that will sell in future and guarantee a new profit channel for them. When a new product is designed, it is sold in the domestic market. Consumers gradually get used to it and demand new products. This leaves the company with two not mutually exclusive choices – get back to the innovation phase and design something new, or go abroad and produce the same products there. Going abroad is sometimes a better choice because foreign producers (such as China) start to imitate the existing product and become so good at it that the differences with the original become marginal (Vernon 1966). A later theory developed by Dunning (1977) has become widely used in attempts to understand the motives behind FDI. The theory became known as OLI: Ownership, Location and Internalisation. All three elements should be present in order for FDI to occur. This theory will be explained in greater detail in a separate chapter of this paper. Theoretical FrameworkDefinition of FDIAccording to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2008) 4th Edition of Benchmark Definition of FDI, FDI is â€Å"a category of cross-border investment made by a resident entity in one economy (the direct investor) with the objective of establishing a lasting interest in an enterprise (the direct investment enterprise) that is resident in an economy other than that of the direct investor† . Companies carry out FDI because they want to have direct control over their enterprise. This is what makes FDI different from portfolio investments which usually result in an ownership of less than 10 per cent of a foreign company’s capital. Hence the investor does not have real control over the foreign company (OECD 2008). Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) and Greenfield investments are the two different types of FDI. The choice between them has different implications for the parties concerned. M&A happen when an existing company is bought out by a foreign firm. In contrast Greenfield investments are investments into new assets. For developing economies, including China, M&A are more common, for developed economies like Germany Greenfield investments are a popular choice (Shatz and Venables 2000). FDI are divided into horizontal and vertical; only in a few cases do the two occur simultaneously. Horizontal FDI occurs when a company invests in a firm built to serve the foreign market (Shatz and Venables 2000). . This foreign firm then performs the same activities as the host firm does in its own domestic market. With vertical FDI, the production cycle is fragmented so that each phase can be completed in a country where it can be done cheapest of all (Shatz and Venables 2000). OLI Framework The OLI framework is a theory that explains motives and the rationale behind multinational corporations’ (MNCs) decision to choose FDI instead of licensing use of their name or product to foreign producers or sellers (Lynn 2008). . FDI is a foreign investment so, for it to occur, the investing firm has to acquire assets in a foreign country. FDI is called direct investment because it results in a direct and real control over the acquired capital. MNC acquires a right to produce what it wants in a foreign country and decide where it wants to sell the product. As explained above, the whole product (horizontal FDI), or parts of it (vertical FDI), can be produced in a foreign country based on the considerations of cost-effectiveness (Shatz and Venables 2000).. FDI occurs because there are advantages to it. The first one is ownership advantage which stands for â€Å"O† in the OLI abbreviation. There has to be some advantage to owning the foreign asset. These can be lower costs, greater reputation, or swifter transition to a foreign market. Take for example Apple. The company has a reputation for high quality products so by owning a production facility in a foreign developing country it can still make profits that will offset costs of FDI (Lynn 2000). . Ownership advantage alone is not enough for FDI to occur. Here is when the â€Å"L† comes into play. â€Å"L† denotes the location advantage. A less costly labour force, access to the natural resources needed in manufacturing and a better geographic position (which leads to more efficient logistics), are some of the location advantages that can make companies seriously consider investing abroad (Lynn 2000). . Again this is not enough for FDI because everything described above can be achieved by brand licensing or through establishing joint ventures. FDI needs a third element – internalization, or control, advantage. This is the â€Å"I† in OLI. When it is believed that MNC can lose market share in case another company gets access to the same asset, FDI becomes the only choice available (Lynn 2000). . It is known that at some stage, foreign producers start copying products produced in the developed world and when they do it they are able to offer cheaper prices thus outperforming foreign producers in sales. To prevent this scenario many companies prefer to go with FDI and gain exclusive control over their assets. Methods and Data In this research, we conduct a critical review of the main theories of FDI, paying special attention to the OLI framework. While we acknowledge the importance of OLI in understanding international business and FDI in particular, we provide a short overview of criticisms of the paradigm so that readers have an understanding of the potential limitations of this research. A case study of German car manufacturer Volkswagen is used as a method of understanding FDI under the OLI framework as applied to the German investor interest in China and the two country’s bilateral economic relations. Additionally, we use statistical information to put some numbers into perspective and cite a research by Deutsche Bank which includes some forecasts as to the future of German FDI in China. Volkswagen (VW) Case Study Volkswagen was founded in 1937 (Datamonitor 2011). The name of the brand translates as â€Å"the car of the people† (Datamonitor 2011).. Volkswagen is represented in China through two ventures – with Shanghai Automotive International Company founded in 1985 and with First Automotive Works started in 1990 in Changchun (VW Annual Report 2010). VW has always regarded China as an important market. Today, there are 9 production facilities in China and 2 more are planned. VW’s target is to sell 3 million cars per year. Through 2015 VW is set to invest a total of 10.6 million euro to expand its production in China. VW is actively involved in producing electric vehicles in China. Both E-Golf and E-Lavida were presented in China and the first electric test was made here in 2011. VW is also set to produce a new brand specifically for the Chinese fast-paced economy (VW Annual Report 2010). Volkswagen Analysis Based on the OLI ParadigmOwnership advantageVW is one of the world’s most successful car manufacturing companies and, as such, it has a lot of advantages. VW is known in Europe for its technological advances and efficient production system. VW brand is strong all over the world. Many consumers associate vehicle design innovation, cost-effectiveness, and high safety standards with VW and consider it as their first choice when making decisions on buying a vehicle (VW official website 2011). Not surprisingly, VW had a competitive advantage over all Chinese manufacturers at the time of the entry into the market (VW official website 2011). In fact, VW is still superior to any of the Chinese car producers. VW exploited its technological dominance and increased its brand recognition. Chinese consumers were happy with the product offered and enjoyed VW’s presence in their country. Currently, VW strives to adjust its technology to meet changing customer need s and develop sustainable models for future (Yu 2010). .Location advantageVW’s joint venture in Shanghai was the most successful car enterprise in China at the time it was established in 1985 and it retains the top position today (Li 2000). . Locating in China, and Shanghai in particular, was the best possible decision for VW in terms of location because the region is rapidly developing and the people’s life standards are improving. Shanghai is the most densely populated and prosperous city in China and it has close ties with the central part of the country (Li 2000). Products from Shanghai are considered to have high quality across China and do not face any obstacles due to local protectionism. It should be also noted that at the time VW entered China it received many incentives and support from the government. The government still stimulates the automobile industry to increase domestic sales and contributes to the development of the sector. Thanks to these location a dvantages, VW China became a success and continues to be a source of decent income for the parent company (Li 2000)..Internalization advantageVW had the first mover’s advantage which helped it to become a major player in the new market. The company managed to take control over the major share of the Chinese market and realise all its ownership advantages. This first mover advantage till today helps VW to be very competitive with regards to Japanese and American rivals. To retain its market share, VW continues to innovate according to the changing tastes of the Chinese consumers and requirements to reduce the strain on the environment resulting from manufacturing and exploitation of automotive vehicles (VW official website 2011).Future of German Interest in ChinaChina has attracted German interest more than any other emerging country since 1997 (Deutsche Bank Research 2004). German companies explain their excessive interest in China by citing the country’s huge market p otential. In 2001 there were about 76 million prosperous consumers in China – a population that is worth FDI in any country despite possible barriers and foreign culture-related challenges (Deutsche Bank Research 2004). This number of prosperous consumers in China is greater than the total population of Germany and it is set to increase tenfold by 2015. The second most important argument for German FDI in China is the â€Å"extended low-cost assembly line† (Deutsche Bank Research 2004). Cost has always been one of the most important considerations in business decision-making.. Heated global competition for competitive advantage and market shares across virtually all industries means that companies need to find cheaper options for manufacture. China is often the best solution because of the low-cost labour force it offers. Not surprisingly, Germany, alongside other strong economic powerhouses, chooses China as a low-cost manufacturing site and actively invests there (D eutsche Bank Research 2004). Another reason for German FDI is the growing economy of China and its potential to become a dominant power. Germany has to defend its interest in a country which is set to become a global leader with an over 1 billion of potential buyers of products and services. Of course, China is a completely whole new world for German businesses that has to be explored until there is sufficient understanding required for making informed decisions. Usually, most foreign companies entering China lack information vital for their success and have to be quick to adapt or risk becoming a failure. China cannot be considered â€Å"one country – one market†. It is bigger than both Eastern and Western Europe put together (Deutsche Bank Research 2004) and it is naive to think that one product design or pricing strategy will work across the whole country (Deutsche Bank Research 2004). Hence a lot of prior planning is required (Deutsche Bank Research 2004). Among other obstacles that can potentially deter German interest in China are high input prices. There are a lot of protectionism locally, and also many logistic and bureaucratic inefficiencies that are not easy or cheap to overcome. Moreover, the global prices for raw materials and energy resources a re growing which adds to the cost of production even in China (Deutsche Bank Research, 2004). The final commonly-cited obstacle to German interest in China is the heated competition amongst different foreign companies coming from such developed nations as USA, Canada, and Australia. Everyone knows about advantages of investing in China and hence there is a lot of competition for assets and control over the market.Criticism of OLI frameworkThe OLI framework offers a very useful insight into the motives and the rationale behind FDI. The paradigm has evolved over the time to adapt to changes in the way international business is conducted (Narula 2010). Critics of the theory argue that because of expansion of OLI’s application to all MNE-related phenomena, it now risksbecoming tautologous (Narula, R. 2010). Narula proposes a return to the classic OLI framework and using alternative theories to understand the more complex new developments rather than internalising everything so th at it fits OLI. Narula acknowledges the importance of OLI in early research on the international business and FDI, but argues that it is not suited for explaining everything that happens in business (Eden 2003). In fact, it is becoming cumbersome to apply OLI to understanding international business, as the latter has became complex (Eden 2003).There is a need for new frameworks. OLI can still be a valuable tool in understanding some aspects of international business and FDI, but should lose its dominance in the academic community (Narula, R. 2010). Conclusion German interest has been present in China for almost half a century. Because Chinese market is huge and has a big growth potential, German companies are likely to look for more opportunities there. 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