Maria Sine#351;ti - prototipul personajului feminin icirc;n opera lui Camil Petrescu

Maria Sine#351;ti - prototipul personajului feminin icirc;n opera lui Camil Petrescu Piesa "Jocul Ielelor" are ca punct de plecare reacÂ…Â £iile suflete…Ÿti ale autorului care in mai 1916 asista la o b„ÂÆ'taie de flori la Sosea, in timp ce ziarele aruncate printre flori vorbesc despre Verdun.Drama a absolutului, scriitura ilustreaz„ÂÆ' in fond principiul camilpetrescian: "totul sau nimic" si axioma aceluia…Ÿi autor "cÂÆ' ¢ta luciditate atÂÆ' ¢ta drama". Gelu Ruscanu, protagonistul discursului dramatic, caut„ÂÆ' cu fervoare un sprijin in mi…Ÿcarea muncitoreasca pentru a rezolva unele probleme de ordin social in spiritul drept„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii absolute intrÂÆ' ¢nd in contradicÂ…Â £ie cu normele si legile ce guverneaz„ÂÆ' societatea. F„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ' s„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®nÂ…Â £eleag„ÂÆ' inutilitatea Â…Â £elului urm„ÂÆ'rit, incapabil sa fac„ÂÆ' vreo concesie, eroul sfÂÆ' ¢r…Ÿe…Ÿte sinucigÂÆ' ¢ndu-se. A…Ÿadar ca in majoritatea operelor sale dramatice si epice, obsedat de condiÂ…Â £ia intelectualului vremii, apelÂÆ' ¢nd constant la propria experienÂ…Â £a, Camil Petrescu procedeaz„ÂÆ' conform principiului enunÂ…Â £at de Henrik Ibsen, conform c„ÂÆ'ruia: "creaÂ…Â £ia mea este rezultatul st„ÂÆ'rii mele de spirit si al zilelor mele morale" si aidoma acestuia, Camil Petrescu si eroii pieselor sale sunt dominaÂ…Â £i de setea de absolut, de adev„ÂÆ'r si echitate, de justiÂ…Â £ie si dragoste.Silhoutte of Marichen Ibsen (1799-1869) as a young...Prieten cu Maria Sinesti, soÂ…Â £ia ministrului de justiÂ…Â £ie, Gelu Ruscanu afla dintr-o scrisoare a acesteia c„ÂÆ'tre el ca Saru Sinesti a omorÂÆ' ¢t o b„ÂÆ'trÂÆ' ¢na penru a intra mai repede in posesia averii sale. Decis sa publice scrisoarea indiferent de consecinÂ…Â £e (publicarea scrisorii ar compromite-o pe Maria), Ruscanu, intre timp, afla ca tat„ÂÆ'l sau, Grigore Ruscanu nu a murit, dup„ÂÆ' cum …Ÿtia el, in u rma unui accident, ci se sinucisese pentru o actriÂ…Â £a oarecare, fapt cunoscut de Saru Sinesti. ÂÆ'ÂŽncep tranzacÂ…Â £iile: in schimbul t„ÂÆ'cerii Sinesti ii propune eliberarea din ÂÆ' ®nchisoare a muncitorului Petre Boruga (grav bolnav); Praida ii cere sa accepte propunerea , dar acceptarea ar ÂÆ' ®nsemna abandonarea principiilor morale, chiar daca ea ar fii in sprijinul mi…Ÿc„ÂÆ'rii socialiste si ministrul ar continua sa funcÂ…Â £ioneze in pofida crimei odioase s„ÂÆ'vÂÆ' ¢r…Ÿite.Se na…Ÿte dilema: daca accepta tranzacÂ…Â £ia propusa devine complice "viata nu merita tr„ÂÆ'it„ÂÆ' cu un astfel de preÂ…Â £", daca ÂÆ' ®ncearc„ÂÆ' sa schimbe ceva, compromiterea ministrului, s-ar putea ca totul sa r„ÂÆ'mÂÆ' ¢n„ÂÆ' cum a fost , imorala sa fie neclintita, injustiÂ…Â £ia sa se perpetueze.In consecinÂ…Â £Ã‚„ÂÆ', intrat in mreaja nedumeririlor si a ÂÆ' ®ntreb„ÂÆ'rilor f„à ‚Æ'r„ÂÆ' r„ÂÆ'spuns, inapt sa g„ÂÆ'seasc„ÂÆ' o rezolvare, sa fac„ÂÆ' o concesie, sfÂÆ' ¢r…Ÿe…Ÿte iremediabil prin moarte: "Lumea asta din care iÂ…Â £i tragi hrana este atÂÆ' ¢t de abjecta ÂÆ' ®ncÂÆ' ¢t nu te accepta si nu te tolereaz„ÂÆ' decÂÆ' ¢t cu preÂ…Â £ul complicit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii?"Argumentul Mariei: "Nimic nu se ÂÆ' ®ntÂÆ' ¢mpla in lumea asta cum vrem noi... nimic nu are culorile pe care credem noi ca le are". Dar dÂÆ' ¢nd in vileag tainele ce le deÂ…Â £ine, Gelu Ruscanu ar lovi in primul rÂÆ' ¢nd in Maria, care ar deveni prada opiniei publice si ar lovi exact pe aceea pe care o iubise.Ceea ce-i spune Penciulescu l-ar putea dumiri: "ToÂ…Â £i sunt pe rÂÆ' ¢nd victime si calai. ToÂ…Â £i sunt legaÂ…Â £i intre ei, toÂ…Â £i sunt daca nu frate, veri, ori au stat pe aceea…Ÿi strada, sau au ÂÆ' ®nv„ÂÆ'Â…Â £at la aceea…Ÿi scoal„ÂÆ'..."In fata unei at are situaÂ…Â £ii, Gelu se ÂÆ' ®ntreab„ÂÆ' pe buna dreptate "Adic„ÂÆ' sa acoperim f„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ'delegile trecute cu una noua?" . F„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ' sa-si poat„ÂÆ' r„ÂÆ'spunde nici lui, nici celorlalÂ…Â £i , ÂÆ' ®ncepe sa se chinuie, sa se fr„ÂÆ'mÂÆ' ¢nte in disperare. El nu poate accepta ideea ca adev„ÂÆ'rul nu se ÂÆ' ®nf„ÂÆ'Â…Â £i…Ÿeaz„ÂÆ' niciodat„ÂÆ' pe de-a-ntregul , alb sau negru, nici complet pur, nici complet corupt. In consecinÂ…Â £a el spune : "Totul in lume este coruptibil... nimic nu e ÂÆ' ®ntreg si frumos... si nici nu poate deveni... toate se ÂÆ' ®mplinesc numai pana la o palma de p„ÂÆ'mÂÆ' ¢nt."Gelu Ruscanu militeaz„ÂÆ' pentru dreptate si justiÂ…Â £ie absoluta. El contesta lipsa de obiectivitate a legilor ce guverneaz„ÂÆ' in societate si o guverneaz„ÂÆ' pe aceasta.De…Ÿi drama este una individual„ÂÆ', a intelectualului tulburat de constrÃ‚Æ ' ¢ngerile morale ale societ„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii, ea se extinde treptat …Ÿi asupra celorlalte personaje, apropiate acestuia.ÂÆ'ÂŽn contextul acÂ…Â £iunii dramei, apariÂ…Â £ia Mariei Sine…Ÿti, iubita de alt„ÂÆ'dat„ÂÆ', nu schimb„ÂÆ' cu nimic traiectoria personajului principal, de…Ÿi aceasta este femeia pe care o iubise cu patim„ÂÆ'. Ea este acum o necunoscut„ÂÆ', o str„ÂÆ'in„ÂÆ' cu care nu mai poate rezona afectiv …Ÿi moral. ÂÆ'ÂŽntÂÆ' ¢lnirea celor doi se produce prea tÂÆ' ¢rziu ca s„ÂÆ' mai aib„ÂÆ' un efect revigorant. Maria este …Ÿi ea o halucinat„ÂÆ', o exaltat„ÂÆ' care ÂÆ' ®Ã‚…Ÿi tr„ÂÆ'ie…Ÿte prezentul deprimant cu gÂÆ' ¢ndul la trecut, pentru ea, unul dintre cele mai importante lucruri fiind acum dac„ÂÆ' Gelu a iubit-o cu adev„ÂÆ'rat.Maria Sine…Ÿti se ÂÆ' ®ncadreaz„ÂÆ' prototipului personajului feminin camilpetrescian. C aracterizarea ei pe parcursul piesei este realizat„ÂÆ' prin apelul la modalit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £i de caracterizare diverse. ÂÆ'ÂŽn primul rÂÆ' ¢nd, prin caracterizarea direct„ÂÆ', realizat„ÂÆ' de autor prin intermediul didascaliilor, personajul apare ca fiind o fiinÂ…Â £Ã‚„ÂÆ' "de o frumuseÂ…Â £e tulbur„ÂÆ'toare, mistuit„ÂÆ' de secrete grele", "hiperemotiv„ÂÆ', cu o imaginaÂ…Â £ie dezordonat„ÂÆ'", "prada tuturor obsesiilor, cu dorinÂ…Â £e neÂÆ' ®mp„ÂÆ'cate, deviate." Prin procedeul caracteriz„ÂÆ'rii indirecte, din acÂ…Â £iuni …Ÿi atitudini exprimate sau sugerate de personaj, Maria se dovede…Ÿte a fi frivol„ÂÆ', nestatornic„ÂÆ', (la fel ca …Ÿi Ela Gheorghidiu ) …Ÿi nu poate ÂÆ' ®nÂ…Â £elege zbuciumul interior al b„ÂÆ'rbatului iubit. Slab„ÂÆ' …Ÿi puternic„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n acela…Ÿi timp, fatal„ÂÆ', misterioas„ÂÆ', imprevizibil„ ÂÆ', ea se autocaracterizeaz„ÂÆ' pornind de la motivul dublului, motiv pe baza c„ÂÆ'ruia este construit„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n fapt, ÂÆ' ®ntreaga pies„ÂÆ': "GÂÆ' ¢ndesc uneori c„ÂÆ' sunt ÂÆ' ®n mine dou„ÂÆ' fiinÂ…Â £e: una josnic„ÂÆ', m„ÂÆ'rginit„ÂÆ' …Ÿi la…Ÿ„ÂÆ', care a primit s„ÂÆ' i se dea de b„ÂÆ'rbat un om pe care nu-l iubea [...] …Ÿi alta care sufer„ÂÆ', care plÂÆ' ¢nge...care sÂÆ' ¢ngereaz„ÂÆ' pentru toate josniciile celelalte."Toate celelalte personaje ale dramei contribuie la evoluÂ…Â £ia personajului principal, sugerÂÆ' ¢ndu-i acestuia o serie de antinomii ale gÂÆ' ¢ndirii.Maria Sine…Ÿti se afl„ÂÆ', la nivel simbolic, ÂÆ' ®ntr-un raport complex cu personajul principal. Acesta din urm„ÂÆ' este pus s„ÂÆ' aleag„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®ntre a crede sau nu ÂÆ' ®n dragostea Mariei, care, surprins„ÂÆ' odinioar„ÂÆ' de acesta rÂÆ' ¢zÂÆ'à ‚ ¢nd complice cu un str„ÂÆ'in ÂÆ' ®n biblioteca unchiului s„ÂÆ'u …Ÿi p„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ'sit„ÂÆ' de el f„ÂÆ'r„ÂÆ' nici o explicaÂ…Â £ie, …Ÿi-a luat revan…Ÿa cea mai stupid„ÂÆ' …Ÿi la ÂÆ' ®ndemÂÆ' ¢n„ÂÆ', ÂÆ' ®n…ŸelÂÆ' ¢ndu-l pe Gelu. Tehnica dramaturgului este aici de pune mereu sub semnul ÂÆ' ®ndoielii sinceritatea femeii. Gelu ÂÆ' ®nsu…Ÿi nu este sigur de valoarea juridic probat„ÂÆ' a unei scrisori de dragoste concepute de o femeie cu sufletul ÂÆ' ®ncrÂÆ' ¢ncenat de ur„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®mpotriva soÂ…Â £ului, care a decepÂ…Â £ionat-o …Ÿi pe care l-a ÂÆ' ®n…Ÿelat. ÂÆ'ÂŽntrebat ÂÆ' ®n ce m„ÂÆ'sur„ÂÆ' Maria l-a iubit cu adev„ÂÆ'rat, Gelu r„ÂÆ'spunde: "Cred c„ÂÆ' mai degrab„ÂÆ' l-a urÂÆ' ¢t pe el".De fapt, valoarea simbolic„ÂÆ' a personajului Maria Sine…Ÿti se rezum„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n pies„ÂÆ', pe lÂÆ' ¢ng„ÂÆ' ipostaziere a feminit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii, la conturarea iubirii ca act existenÂ…Â £ial definitiv : "O iubire adev„ÂÆ'rat„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®nseamn„ÂÆ' c„ÂÆ' nu poÂ…Â £i gÂÆ' ¢ndi contrariul ei...O iubire, care nu este etern„ÂÆ', nu este nimic...".Dramei intelectuale a lui Gelu Ruscanu i se adaug„ÂÆ' a…Ÿadar, prin intermediul prezenÂ…Â £ei ÂÆ' ®n pies„ÂÆ' a Mariei Sine…Ÿti, o dram„ÂÆ' afectiv„ÂÆ', datorat„ÂÆ' imposibilit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii de a accepta sau respinge vinov„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ia unei femei pe care, iubind-o, el ÂÆ' ®nsu…Ÿi a ÂÆ' ®mpins-o spre minciun„ÂÆ' …Ÿi adulter, dar ale c„ÂÆ'rei erori reale sau numai b„ÂÆ'nuite, b„ÂÆ'rbatul nu le poate tolera, nici uita. Ea reprezint„ÂÆ' erosul dramatic …Ÿi dramatizat, este unul dintre personajele cu ajutorul c„ÂÆ'ruia Gelu "a v„ÂÆ'zut idei" …Ÿi a avut revelaÂ…Â £iile devastatoare ale inadaptabilit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii. Rolul ei este a…Ÿadar nu atÂÆ' ¢t al unui personaj tulburat ÂÆ' ®n aceea…Ÿi m„ÂÆ'sur„ÂÆ' ca …Ÿi intelectualul Gelu Ruscanu, cÂÆ' ¢t mai ales unul de convergenÂ…Â £Ã‚„ÂÆ' cu destinul acestuia. InfluenÂ…Â £a Mariei asupra dramei lui Gelu nu este una asumat„ÂÆ', ci una dobÂÆ' ¢ndit„ÂÆ' prin intermediul spiritul analitic al personajului principal.Structura de profunzime a personajelor din Jocul ielelor, a…Ÿadar …Ÿi a Mariei Sine…Ÿti, se va reg„ÂÆ'si, ÂÆ' ®n contexte diferite …Ÿi la alte personaje din opera scriitorului (Alta Gralla , Ela Gheorghidiu, etc. ).Din punct de vedere al tehnicii teatrale, piesa lui Camil Petrescu ridic„ÂÆ' reale dificult„ÂÆ'Â…Â £i de reprezentare scenic„ÂÆ', deoarece "dramaturgul ÂÆ' ®ncerc„ÂÆ' s„ÂÆ' exprime ÂÆ' ®n planul concret al spaÂ…Â £iului scenei mutaÂ…Â £ iile de ordin l„ÂÆ'untric ale unei con…ŸtiinÂ…Â £e, deci o lume ideal„ÂÆ', abstract„ÂÆ'."Autorul ÂÆ' ®nsu…Ÿi vorbe…Ÿte despre complexitatea spectacolului dramatic, ca …Ÿi de dificultatea reprezentare a unor personaje (la fel cum sunt …Ÿi Gelu Ruscanu …Ÿi Maria Sine…Ÿti), ÂÆ' ®n teza de doctorat publicat„ÂÆ' ÂÆ' ®n 1937, Modalitatea estetic„ÂÆ' a teatrului.Bibliografie:Opere:1. Petrescu, Camil, Jocul ielelor, Ed. Minerva, Bucure…Ÿti, 19762. Petrescu, Camil, Act veneÂ…Â £ian, Ed. Minerva, Bucure…Ÿti, 19833. Petrescu , Camil, Ultima noapte de dragoste, ÂÆ' ®ntÂÆ' ¢ia noapte de r„ÂÆ'zboi, Ed. Gramar, Bucure…Ÿti, 19984. Petrescu, Camil, Modalitatea estetic„ÂÆ' a teatrului, Ed. Enciclopedic„ÂÆ', Bucure…Ÿti, 1971Critic„ÂÆ':1. Ghidirmic, Ovidiu, Camil Petrescu sau patosul lucidit„ÂÆ'Â…Â £ii, Ed. Scrisul romÂÆ' ¢nesc, Craiova, 19752. Pal eologu, Al., Spiritul …Ÿi opera, Ed, Eminescu, Bucure…Ÿti 19703. Zaharia Filipa…Ÿ, Elena, Retoric„ÂÆ' …Ÿi semnificaÂ…Â £ie, Ed. Paideia, bucure…Ÿti, 1993

How to Talk Like a Soprano Family Member

How to Talk Like a Soprano Family Member Ever wondered how Italian stereotypes came to be? Or why the Mafioso stereotype- Italian Americans with thick accents, pinky rings, and fedora hats- seems to be the most prevalent? Where Did the Mafia Come From? The Mafia came to America with Italian immigrants, mostly those from Sicily and the southern part of the country. But it wasn’t always a dangerous and negatively perceived crime organization. The origins of the Mafia in Sicily were born out of necessity. In the 19th century, Sicily was a country constantly being invaded by foreigners and the early Mafia was simply groups of Sicilians who protected their towns and cities from invading forces. These â€Å"gangs† eventually morphed into something more sinister, and they began to extort money from landowners in exchange for protection. Thus the Mafia we know today was born. If you’re curious about how the Mafia has been portrayed in the media, you can watch one of the many movies that follow the activities in the south, like The Sicilian Girl. If you’re more interested in doing some reading or watching a show, you might like Gomorrah, which is world-renowned for its story. When Did the Mafia Come to America? Before long, some of these mobsters arrived in America and brought their racketeering ways with them. These â€Å"bosses† dressed fashionably, in line with the amount of money they were extorting.   The fashion of the time in the 1920’s America consisted of three-piece suits, fedora hats, and gold jewelry to display your wealth. So, the image of the classic Mob boss was born. What About the Sopranos? The HBO television series The Sopranos, widely regarded as one of the best television series of all time, ran for 86 episodes and greatly impacted how Italian-Americans are viewed. But its impact on our language- with its use of mobspeak- also is quite significant. The show, which premiered in 1999 and closed in 2007, concerns a relentlessly foul-mouthed fictional Mafia family with the surname of Soprano. It revels in the use of mobspeak, a street language that employs bastardized Italian-American forms of Italian words. According to William Safire in Come Heavy, the characters dialogue consists of one part Italian, a little real Mafia slang, and a smattering of lingo remembered or made up for the show by former residents of a blue-collar neighborhood in East Boston. The vernacular of this famiglia has become so popular that its been codified in the Sopranos Glossary. In fact, Tony Soprano even has his own form of currency. In The Happy Wanderer episode, for example, he lends his old high school buddy Davey Scatino five boxes of ziti, or five thousand dollars, during a poker game. Later that night, Davey borrows- and loses- an additional forty boxes of ziti. This Is Southern Italian-American Lingo So you wanna be a â€Å"Sopranospeak† expert? If you sat down to dine with the Sopranos and discussed Tonys waste management business, or maybe the witness–protection program for one of New Jerseys 10 most wanted, chances are youd soon hear words like goombah, skeevy, and agita tossed around. All of these words derive from southern Italian dialect, which tends to make the c a g, and vice versa. Likewise, p tends to become a b and d transmutes into a t sound, and dropping the last letter is very Neapolitan. So goombah linguistically mutates from compare, agita, which means acid indigestion, originally was spelled acidit, and skeevy comes from schifare, to disgust. If you wanted to talk like a Soprano, youd also need to know the correct usage of compare and comare, which respectively mean godfather and godmother. Since in small Italian villages, everybody is the godparent of their friends children when addressing someone that is a close friend but not necessarily a relative the terms compare or comare  are used. â€Å"Sopranospeak† is code for endless, unoriginal obscenities that have nothing to do with la bella lingua, with the various dialects of Italy, or (sadly) with the significant and varied contributions Italian–Americans have made throughout United States history.

Statement of Career Objectives Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Career Objectives - Personal Statement Example I have also worked in different departments of the hospital and have gained valuable experience of handling different administrative and technical matters. Organizational leadership is my favorite field of study and I think this is a right time for me to step in this field as I will not only be completing my graduation in business finance in May 2010 but also I have gained almost 10-year practical experience in the fields of healthcare and education. My interest in organizational leadership, relevant educational background, and work experience make me a suitable candidate to get admission in the University of Idaho’s Graduate program. Another reason for applying in this program is related to my professional life. I want to establish my career in the field of organizational leadership, and that is only possible if I get an opportunity to get a master degree from a prestigious university. University of Idaho is known for its highly qualified faculty not only in field of Adult/Organizational Learning & Leadership but also in all other courses being offered by the university. I believe that the University of Idaho can become a precious part of my educational and professional success by providing me with up to date education in my desired field. It is due to the well-experienced faculty of the University of Idaho, that I have taken my decision to do masters from this great university. I want to complete my education under the guidance of highly qualified faculty of the University of Idaho as it will help me become a professional in the filed of organizational leadership. I have a desire to establish my career as a successful organizational leader. I want to use my skills to ensure individual growth, to bring productive changes in the organizational culture and society, and for organizational development. I believe that a country can progress only if its citizens get high quality education from the top universities of the world. I have

The Use of Photography as Historical Evidence Essay

The Use of Photography as Historical Evidence - Essay Example These photographs enhance and elevate the understanding of historians and provide them in-depth information regarding the history and past civilizations and hence, they come up with the enlightening facts regarding the people and societies from the past. The access to important photograph makes possible the sound interpretation and understanding of the historical events and civilizations illuminated by the historian's own knowledge. The historians utilize the photographs conveying a message, specific event, or any facts relevant to historical periods as evidences and proves of the events they point in the course of re-assembling the patches from past life and explicating it to the world. They also use these as evidences to connect or synchronize one historical event or fact to another so as to highlight the causes or significance of an event in the light of a photographed fact and reality. The photographs not only assist the historians in finding out the social events and conditions of the historical era but also elaborate the occupational and work-related situation being confronted by the people of past civilizations.

Capitalist Economy Essay Example for Free

Capitalist Economy Essay The right of private property means that productive factors such as land, factories, machinery, mines etc. are under private ownership. The owners of these factors are free to use them in the manner in which they like. The government may; however, put some restrictions for the benefit of the society in general; Freedom of enterprise: This means that everybody engages in any economic activity he likes. More specifically he is free to set up any firm to produce goods. Freedom of choice for the consumers: This means that people in a capitalist economy are free to spend their income as they desire. This is known as consumer sovereignty. Consumers are sovereign in the sense that producers produce only those goods which consumers are willing to buy. Profit motive: In a capitalist economy, it is the profit motive which forces or induces people to work and produce; Competition: Competition prevails among the sellers to sell their goods and among buyers to obtain goods to satisfy their wants. Advertisement, price cutting, discount etc., are found to be the normal methods of competition in any capitalist economy. Inequalities of incomes: There is generally a wide gap of income between the rich and the poor in the income which mainly arises due to unequal distribution of property in such economies. Merits of capitalist economy: The following are the merits of capitalist economy: 1.To attract the consumer, the producer is in a position to bring out newer and finer varieties of goods; 2.The existence of private property and the driving force of profit motive results in high standard of living; 3.Capitalism works automatically through the price mechanism; 4.The freedom of enterprise results in maximum efficiency in production; 5.All activities under capitalism enjoy the maximum amount of liberty and freedom; 6.Under capitalism freedom of choice brings maximum satisfaction to consumers; 7.Capitalism preserves fundamental rights such as right to freedom and right to private property; 8.It rewards men of initiative and enterprise; Country as a whole benefits through growth of business talents, development of research etc., Demerits of capitalism: The following are the demerits of capitalism: 1.In capitalism the enormous wealth produced is apportioned by a few. This causes rich richer and poor, poorer; 2.Welfare is not protected under capitalism, because here the aim is profit and not the welfare of the people; 3.Economic instability in terms of over production, economic depression, unemployment etc., is very common under capitalism; 4.The producer spends huge amounts of money on advertisement and sale promotion activities like fairs, exhibitions etc., 5.Class conflict arises between employer and employee and they will be paid low wages and this leads to strikes and lock outs; 6.Productive resources are misused under capitalism and they are used for the production on luxuries as they are bound to bring high profits; 7.Capitalism leads to the formation of monopolies and 8.There is no security of employment for the workers and employees under capitalism. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

nations of dreams :: essays research papers

I have a dream. These are the infamous words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on the day that he voiced his vision of America. It was his dream that was deferred for so many generations that finally exploded in the Civil Rights Movement of the 50’s and 60’s. The beginning of this nation was started as a dream and on dreams it has grown. For without a vision, the people shall parish. Nevertheless, there have been dreams that have fallen to the wayside of other dreams. These dreams may be left behind, but they have not been forgotten. To defer a dream, is to cause an explosion of mass proprieties. The American dream was first put on paper in what is call today the ‘Declaration of Independence.’ The dream was that all men are created equal. Before this dream America was ruled by a hierarchy system, that constables, dukes and kings ruled not by choice of the people, but because they were born into it. It was the dream that men had the right to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness that at first festered like a sore and finally exploded in the Revolutionary War. In Russia the dream of the turfs was to have food, clothing, and shelter while the czars lived in castles wearing ermine cloaks and velvet dress clothing, eating feasts of swan, sweets and caviar. In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels printed the dream of a socialist system. It was a dream that exploded 70 years later. On March 8 of 1917 a severe food shortage cause riots in Petrograd. The crowds demanded food and the step down of Tsar. When the troops were called in to disperse the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. From the smallest child to the oldest man, dreams are an integral part of us.

Aviation management

How did Stansted get the go ahead to become London’s 3rd airport? Pursuits for expansion of London airport capacity have been long drawn involving various Airport Commissions and political intrigues (FT, 2014). The quest for the Third London Airport particularly with regard to competing proposals for a new airport at Cublington and the expansion of Stansted is the subject of this section, which also discusses the key players who took part in the process.. Capacity constraints at Heathrow, particularly with the rapid growth in air traffic in the 1950s, led to overflows into Gatwick, UK’s second airport. Neither of these two locations are however ideal given the growth of the city. Built-up areas are not conducive for air safety and there is the additional challenge of noise pollution impacting residents (Helsey and Codd, 2012). It became apparent in the 1960s that there was need to meet considerable growth anticipated into the future. This gave rise to proposals for a new airport and expansion of existing capacity. Stansted, a former military airfield in Essex, was proposed as a third airport in 1963 and was thereafter endorsed by a Government White Paper in 1967 (HC Hansard, 1971; Stansted Airport, 2013). A subsequent inconclusive public inquiry led to the setup of the Commission for the Third London Airport, popularly referred to as the Roskill Commission tasked with review of sites for a third airport (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972; UKCAA, 2013). With its evaluation of the timing of need, the requirement for expansion of capacity, and after a careful study of a total of 80 proposed project sites, four sites were finally chosen, principal among them a new airport at Cublington in the Vale of Aylesbury. It was deemed to offer best access situated in the key London-Birmingham axis away from built-up areas and would cost less than most of the alternatives (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). This proposal however met with strong opposition from local people, politicians and middle-class voters making it politically untenable (FT , 2014). An influential member of the Roskill Commission, Colin Buchanan, in dissent on grounds of environmental and planning concerns, proposed a new alternative at Maplin Sands, Foulness in the Thames Estuary. This opened the door to strong political opposition against Cublington with the latter proposal becoming the preferred option of the Conservative government of the day which thus disregarded Roskill’s proposal (FT, 2014; Helsey and Codd, 2012; Mishan, 1970). Maplin had interestingly been considered by the Roskill Commission and had been decisively rejected on the basis of cost (the most expensive option overall), distance and convenience to prospective passengers (the most remote) (FT, 2014; Mayor of London, 2013). With all the political support and progress towards the Maplin proposal, it was not built (FT, 2014; Helsey and Codd, 2012). The cost of the constituent deep-harbour, rail links, motorways, new towns to accommodate workers, and surface route to the airport was an astronomical ?825 million (estimated at ?8,448 million today) (Helsey and Codd, 2012). To many, including the opposition party then – the Labour Party, this was regarded as unacceptable (FT, 2014). With the coming to power of the Labour Party a change in complexion, the Maplin airport project was abandoned in July 1974 (FT, 2014). A reappraisal of passenger projections in the new regime indicated â€Å"over-optimism† in forecasts showing that there was adequate capacity until 1990 at Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton, aided by regional airports (AOA, 2013; UKCAA, 2013). However, with increasing competition from abroad and passenger numbers once more rising, the need for expansion became apparent. British Airports Authority (BAA), owner of the Stansted Airport, submitted plans for its expansion and with significant lobbying by its Chairman Norman Payne and the enlisting of support from Margaret Thatcher, the Maplin scheme was abandoned in favour of a cheaper plan to enlarge Stansted (Mayor of London, 2013). This option had also been considered by Roskill and had not made the shortlist of key options (FT, 2014). The expansion of Stansted was accomplished a decade after its proposition but was a predictable failure challenged by a lack of success in attracting and supporting long-haul operations by airlines (World Airline Directory, 2001; UKCAA, 2013). It was however to benefit from the emergence of low-cost carriers, principally Ryanair, which were drawn by attractive landing charges which offset consequent inconvenience to their passengers (UKCAA, 2013; Mayor of London, 2013; BBC, 2011). Airport policy in the UK has been a case study of political short-termism with the location of an additional (3rd) airport for London in a dilemma. Heightened by uncertainy over demand and growth estimates and a general lack of bold political action, decisions are challenged by political considerations making inland airports unfeasible and economic cons iderations making coastal airports unfeasible. This has led to the postponement of requisite action with policy makers often prone to swaying given the intense and incessant lobbying and political pressures. References Abelson, P. and A., Flowerdew, 1972. Roskill’s successful recommendation.† In: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 135. No. 4, pp.467 Airports Operators Association, 2013. The Airport Operator, Autumn 2013. BBC, 2011. Heathrow and Stansted runway plans scrapped by BAA, 24 May 2010. Viewed on 30/1/2014 from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk Financial Times, 2014. London’s new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 House of Commons Hansard, 1971. Third London Airport (Roskill Commission Report). 4th March. Vol. 812. cc1912-2078. HC Helsey, M., and F., Codd, 2012. Aviation: proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012. House of Commons Library. Viewed from: http://cambridgemba.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/sn4920-1946-2012-review.pdf Mayor of London, 2013. Why London needs a new hub airport. Transport for London. Viewed from: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/26576.aspx Mishan, E., 1970. What is wrong with RoskillLondon: Lo ndon School of Economics Stansted Airport, 2013. Press Release. Viewed on 1st Feb 2014 from: http://www.stanstedairport.com UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics – Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority. World Airline Directory, 2001. Flight International. Stansted Airport, Stansted, Essex, 27 March – 2 April 2001. CM241SB, UK Given the urgent need to find a solution to UK airport capacity why do you think the government wishes to delay the process? Political intrigues and myriad arguments still mire the London airport expansion pursuit half a century later with the current Howard Davies Airports Commission set up in 2012 still wading in the long running controversy (FT, 2014). Continued political posturing, hedging and stonewalling still characterizes this pursuit for a viable solution given the readiness to oppose policies espoused by those of different complexions and political stand and complication of issues hindering bold decisions and action (FT, 2014; CAPA, 2013). With reference to previous government airport policies, this section evaluates the desire of government to postpone a decision on the final solution to meet need until after the 2015 general election. In the Davies Commission’s view, the capacity challenge is yet to become critical and there is need for action as there is potential for it to be (The Independent, 2014; Airports Committee, 2013a). These findings contained in its December 2013 interim report (preceding a final report expected in 2015) are based on the acknowledgement of continued growth of air travel, mainly in the South East of England with the need for an extra runway by 2030 and another possibly by 2050. For the short and medium term, the Commission has made a raft of proposals to enhance efficiency of airline and ground operations (Airports Commission, 2013b). Ideally, the latter proposal is arguably most appropriate given that operational and design improvements have hitherto enable d the handling of more volumes than anticipated, extending current capacity and enabling full and efficient use of available resource (UKCAA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). On the Commission’s shortlist of options for the short and medium term include a third runwayand lengthening of an existing runway at Heathrow, and a new runway at Gatwick. The proposal for a brand new airport in the Thames Estuary is side-lined citing uncertainties and challenges surrounding it with the Commission however promising to evaluate its feasibility and to arrive at a decision regarding its viability later in 2014 as well as longer term expansion options at Stansted and Birmingham (CAPA, 2013; Airport International, 2012). The government however says that it will not make a final decision in this regard until after the 2015 general election pushing the responsibility to the next government (CAPA, 2013; FT, 2014). When the Coalition government came to power in 2010, it scrapped former Labour gover nment’s plan for a third runway at Heathrow to which it had been strongly opposed instead favouring the creation of a new hub airport in the Thames Estuary (Helsey and Codd, 2012). Given renewed focus on Heathrow, there seems to be a deliberate decision by government to avoid offending the electorate in its turnaround from its manifesto commitment, as well as to avoid political turbulence in the run up to the forthcoming elections (FT, 2014; CAPA, 2013). It is widely accepted that Prime Minister David Cameron set up the Davies Commission in a bid to postpone or to defuse controversy, maintaining a dishonest ambiguity until after the general election (FT, 2014). Heathrow is a popular preference given the support it receives from the majority of politicians (except those with constituencies on the flight path); business and powerful representative lobby bodies; airlines; air alliances; remote UK regional airports benefiting from international connections; as well as domestic an d international aviation representative bodies (CAPA, 2013; FT, 2014). Critics state that the inclusion of other airports is intended at making the proposals not to seem too Heathrow-centric and is aimed at political expediency (FT, 2014, CAPA, 2013). It would have been political dynamite for the Commission not to have made positive clamours with regard to runway capacity warding off accusations of ministers trying to kick the controversy ‘into the long grass’, a scenario which has bedevilled such pursuits for half a century (CAPA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). From the 1967 Government White Paper permitting the expansion of Stansted, through subsequent inquiries and the Roskill Commission in the early 1970s, the quest for expanded capacity continues with arguments going back and forth around similar proposals and sites (FT, 2014; UKCAA, 2013). Expansion at Heathrow is an easy road given that it is relatively cheaper and has less challenges but for the environmental con cerns of noise pollution and carbon emissions which cannot be ignored or wished away (Airports Committee, 2013a). The option for expansion at Stansted is impeded by previous capacity limitation by the 1985 White Paper, though it got reprieve in the 2003 ‘Future of Air Transport’ White Paper and an extension of passenger capacity limit by the courts (DOT, 2003). Yet, Stansted has historically been challenged with regard to its support of long-haul flights; preference by airlines; as well as environmental concerns (World Airline Directory, 2001; UKCAA, 2013). The Thames Estuary option despite being the most environmentally sound is challenged by economic considerations regarding not only the cost of building the airport but also the requisite surface links, and costs associated with imminent closure at Heathrow. There is also difficulty in the estimation of effects it will have on demand and airline operations (The Independent, 2014; Airports Commission, 2013b; Airport In ternational, 2012). This scenario highlights the present dilemma facing political players and government, which is what leads to their general uncertainty and a general lack of boldness in approach. Intense lobbying and political pressure has consequently led to the postponement of decisions and the backtracking by government from its pledge. The divide in opinion and arguments causing uncertainty hands politicians a license to continue to do nothing at all. References Airports Committee, 2013a. Emerging thinking: Aviation Capacity in the UK. 7th October. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aviation-capacity-in-the-uk-emerging-thinking Airports Commission, 2013b. Short and medium term options: proposals for making the best use of existing airport capacity. 7th August. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/short-and-medium-term-options-proposals-for-making-the-best-use-of-existing-airport-capacity Airport International, 2012. Thames Estuary Airport Is No t A â€Å"Short Term† Solution. 4 July 2012. CAPA, 2013. The Davies Commission’s Interim Report on UK airports: the big loser remains UK competitiveness. Centre for Aviation. Department of Transport, 2003. The Future of Air Transport – White Paper and the Civil Aviation Bill. Viewed on 14/1/2014 from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers Financial Times, 2014. London’s new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 Helsey and Codd, 2012. Aviation: proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012 The Independent, 2014. Sir Howard Davies’ Airports Commission: Air travel could be transformed within a few years – with no more ‘stacking’. 17th December, 2013 UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics – Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.

Advertising Print Essay

It is my great pleasure to take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of number of people who helped me in successful completing of this project. Firstly I would like to express my heartily gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Agarwal Sir for allowing me to do this project and gratefully acknowledge the contribution by him without his support and valuable suggestion this project could not be successful. I offer my heart self regards to Mrs Aradhana Albert for her continuous guidance, monitoring and informal discussion which become light for me in the entire duration of this project in overcoming the barrier and reaching this stage. Finally I am sincerely thankful to others who have directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of the project. (SHILPA JINDAL) 1|Page PREFACE The title of my project is ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISING. Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor So basically advertising is a mass communications device through which companies promote or market their product to the consumer, and this enables them to make informed consumption decisions. As now a days advertisements have a very great impact on the consumer’s behavior; it plays very important role in our Indian economy directly or indirectly. so if it become unethical it leads our society in wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government and I want to throw a light on this only. As it is a very wide field so here I am restricted to the electronic media only. We have to think about this unethical problem and this wrong presentation of business. So that we can give good ethics to our youngsters. 2|Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TITLE The title of the project is â€Å"ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISEMENT†. Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor. INTRODUCTION Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. On the other hand advertising is plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. For example in 2001 Yves Saint Laurent launched a fragrance called ‘Opium which featured a naked model. This stirred controversy and people found it offensive and sex was being used openly to promote a perfume. For a fashion magazine the advertisement was fine but for billboards it was inappropriate and some social groups found it morally and ethically wrong. Some times advertising draws mixed response from the public, while sometimes it becomes controversial. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the â€Å"brand image†. For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. 3|Page Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aeroplanes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements every day, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviour. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticise. Many suitable adjectives are used to describe advertising, depending on how an individual is reacting, such as great, dynamic, alluring, fascinating, annoying, boring, intrusive, irritating and offensive, etc. METHODOLOGY For completing this project the required information or the raw data is gathered from the sources like websites , journals, magazines ,text books etc which is the most difficult task of this project making as it is the most time consuming process. but overall this topic is quite interesting to gain knowledge about the ethics in ads the controversial ads also. The purpose of taking this topic is that in the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by 4|Page the government or regulation bodies and i want to throw a light on this only. Ethics basically refers to what is right, good or consistent with virtue. Advertising generates complex ethical questions which have to be considered, as this mode of communication commits some highly controversial ethical acts which are damaging to the society as a whole. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Here I am restricted to the ethical issues of advertisement related to television media only as this subject has a very wide arena to be focused on. Her I just want to know that how much these set standards are successful in maintaining the dignity of the Indian’s beliefs and their feeling. 5|Page RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TITLE – Ethical Issues In Advertising Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single â€Å"moral† course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. In the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government or regulation bodies. DURATION OF PROJECT This is a very long term project so we have been provided with a period of one month for the completion. To make it easy this period was bifurcated into various sections of making blue print, abstract, collecting primary data, secondary data, making preliminary report, secondary report and final report at the end which makes the whole process easy to attempt. OBJECTIVE Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. On the other hand advertising is 6|Page plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. ‘Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. Advertisements as Mirrors of prevailing norms Marketers claim that advertising simply mirrors the attitudes and values of the surrounding culture. No doubt advertising, like the media of social communications in general, does act as a mirror. But, also like media in general. It is a mirror that helps shape the reality it reflects, and sometimes it presents a distorted image of reality. Advertisers are selective about the values and attitudes to be fostered and encouraged, promoting some while ignoring others The purpose of taking this topic is that in the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government or regulation bodies and I want to throw a light on this only. I can differentiate my objectives for taking this topic as follows: †¢ To know the various ethical marketing strategies of the market leaders. †¢ To know how can we make a ethical advertisement. †¢ To know the impact of unethical advertisement on the society. †¢ To enhance my marketing skills. †¢ To know the role of advertisement in the success of any organization. TYPE OF RESEARCH As I took the data from magazines , books, internet links , journals and news papers. It is research of descriptive type. SCOPE OF STUDY Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of 7|Page buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aero planes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. Here I am focusing mainly on the media as a source of advertising. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements everyday, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviors. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticize. 8|Page CORE STUDY INTRODUCTION Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor So basically advertising is a mass communications device through which companies promote or market their product to the consumer, and this enables them to make informed consumption decisions. Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aeroplanes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements everyday, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviour. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticise. Many suitable 9|Page adjectives are used to describe advertising, depending on how an individual is reacting, such as great, dynamic, alluring, fascinating, annoying, boring, intrusive, irritating and offensive, etc. Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. . Advertising enables producers to expand their markets and therefore take advantage of economies of scale to reduce unit production costs Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the â€Å"brand image†. For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. On the other hand advertising is plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. ‘Ethics basically refers to what is right, good or consistent with virtue. Advertising generates complex ethical questions which have to be considered, as this mode of communication commits some highly controversial ethical acts which are damaging to the society as a whole. It promotes overselling, exploitation of vulnerable groups, vulgarity, offending the public, promoting socially harmful values or behavior and intrusion of privacy. Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. For example in 2001 Yves Saint Laurent launched a fragrance called ‘Opium which featured a naked model. This stirred controversy and people found it offensive and sex was being used openly to promote a perfume. For a fashion magazine the advertisement was fine but for billboards it was inappropriate and 10 | P a g e some social groups found it morally and ethically wrong. Some times advertising draws mixed response from the public, while sometimes it becomes controversial. NEED OF ADVERTISING Advertising is the promotion of a company’s products and services carried out primarily to drive sales of the products and services but also to build a brand identity and communicate changes or new product /services to the customers. Advertising has become an essential element of the corporate world and hence the companies allot a considerable amount of revenues as their advertising budget. There are several reasons for advertising some of which are as follows: †¢ Increasing the sales of the product/service †¢ Creating and maintaining a brand identity or brand image. †¢ Communicating a change in the existing product line. †¢ Introduction of a new product or service. †¢ Increasing the buzz-value of the brand or the company. Significance of Advertising Basically advertising creates wants but does not fulfill them, a person may see an advertisement for a product, it might be glossy and fancy and he might be attracted to buy the product. He might eventually buy it but it will not satisfy him it will just be a waste. It’s a short term material satisfaction which just drives the economy by over consumption of goods and services. It keeps the consumer in doubt about what to buy and in what quantities and this doubt in turn has ethical implications. Four reasons are attributed to the fugacious nature of the way advertising practices are being carried out in developing countries. 11 | P a g e 1. The role of Information and Communication technologies: As ICTs evolve so do marketing practices. If yesterday it was television that revolutionized the way advertisements could create a lasting impact on the consumer, then today the internet and phone text messages are doing just that. 2. The world today is an increasingly global village: Social and ethnic boundaries are fast falling in the wake of cable television and the like. 3. Rapid economic expansions in countries like China and India have meant that marketers have to quickly respond to the changing socio-economic scenarios. Millions of people have entered the middle class and millions more are poised to do so. For marketers, the consequences can be mind boggling-as incomes and spending powers rise, marketers have to respond to increasing demands from consumers. 4. Better and improved marketing research has meant that the entire populace is not seen in totality but rather as a congeries of different types of consumers. TYPES OF ADVERTISING There can be several branches of advertising. Mentioned below are the various categories or types of advertising. 12 | P a g e Celebrity Broadcast advertising Advertising Print OutdoorAdvertising Advertising TYPES OF Infomercials ADVERTISING Public Service Advertising Covert Advertising Surrogate Advertising 13 | P a g e 1. Print Advertising – Newspapers, Magazines, Brochures, and Fliers and less popular newspaper would cost far less than placing an advertisement in a popular newspaper The print media have always been a popular advertising medium. Advertising products via newspapers or magazines is a common practice. In addition to this, the print media also offers options like promotional brochures and fliers for advertising purposes. Often the newspapers and the magazines sell the advertising space according to the area occupied by the advertisement, the position of the advertisement (front page/middle page), as well as the readership of the publications. For instance an advertisement in a relatively new with a high readership. The price of print ads also depend on the supplement in which they appear, for example an advertisement in the glossy supplement costs way higher than that in the newspaper supplement which uses a mediocre quality paper. 2. Outdoor Advertising–Billboards, Kiosks, Tradeshows and Events 14 | P a g e Outdoor advertising is also a very popular form of advertising, which makes use of several tools and techniques to attract the customers outdoors. The most common examples of outdoor advertising are billboards, kiosks, and also several events and tradeshows organized by the company. The billboard advertising is very popular however has to be really terse and catchy in order to grab the attention of the passersby. The kiosks not only provide an easy outlet for the company products but also make for an effective advertising tool to promote the company’s products. Organizing several events or sponsoring them makes for an excellent advertising opportunity. The company can organize trade fairs, or even exhibitions for advertising their products. If not this, the company can organize several events that are closely associated with their field. For instance a company that manufactures sports utilities can sponsor a sports tournament to advertise its products. 3. Broadcast advertising – Television, Radio and the Internet The radio jingles have been very popular advertising media and have a large impact on the audience, which is evident in the fact that many people still remember and enjoy the popular radio jingles Broadcast advertising is a very popular advertising medium that constitutes of several 15 | P a g e branches like television, radio or the Internet. Television advertisements have been very popular ever since they have been introduced. The cost of television advertising often depends on the duration of the advertisement, the time of broadcast (prime time/peak time), and of course the popularity of the television channel on which the advertisement is going to be broadcasted. The radio might have lost its charm owing to the new age media however the radio remains to be the choice of small-scale advertisers. 4. Covert Advertising – Advertising in Movies Covert advertising is a unique kind of advertising in which a product or a particular brand is incorporated in some entertainment and media channels like movies, television shows or even sports. There is no commercial in the entertainment but the brand or the product is Subtly ( or sometimes evidently) showcased in the entertainment show. Some of the famous examples for this sort of advertising have to be the appearance of brand Nokia which is displayed on Tom Cruise’s phone in the movie Minority Report, or the use of Cadillac cars in the movie Matrix Reloaded. 16 | P a g e surrogate Common examples include of Fosters and Kingfisher beer help Indirectly brands, which are often seen Advertising to promote their brand with – the Advertising advertising. 5. Surrogate Surrogate advertising is prominently seen in cases where advertising a particular product is banned by law. Advertisement for products like cigarettes or alcohol which are injurious to heath are prohibited by law in several countries and hence these companies have to come up with several other products that might have the same advertising as an effective energy communication medium to convey AIDS, socially relevant messaged about like 17 | P a g e important matters and social welfare causes Causes integrity, – Advertising for Social political 6. Public Service Advertising conservation, bottles of the same brand. deforestation, illiteracy, poverty and people of the cigarettes or beer so on. ent or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] brand name and indirectly remind Today public service advertising has been increasingly used in a non-commercial fashion in several countries across the world in order to promote various social causes. In USA, the radio and television stations are granted on the basis of a fixed amount of Public service advertisements aired by the channel. 7. Celebrity Advertising 18 | P a g e and the modern day consumer getting immune to the exaggerated claims made in a majority of advertisements, there exist a section of advertisers that Using celebrities for advertising involves signing up celebrities for advertising campaigns, which consist of all sorts of advertising including, television ads or even print advertisements. Although the audience is getting smarter and smarter still bank upon celebrities and their popularity for advertising their products. Infomercials There are two types of infomercials, described as long form and short form. Long form infomercials have a time length of 30 minutes. Short form infomercials are 30 seconds to 2 minutes long. Infomercials are also known as direct response television (DRTV) commercials or direct response marketing. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and 19 | P a g e often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals. ETHICS 1. INTRODUCTION In this era of globalization &multinational competition, ethical practices in business are assuming importance as relationships with various suppliers& customers are shaped by ethical practices& mutual trust. So, ethical decision taking assumes importance in today’s corporate world. 2. What Is Ethics? Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single â€Å"moral† course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. The terms â€Å"ethics† and â€Å"values† are not interchangeable. Ethics is concerned with how a moral person should behave, whereas values are the inner judgments that determine how a person actually behaves. Values concern ethics when they pertain to beliefs about what is right and wrong. Most values, however, have nothing to do with ethics. For instance, the desire for health and wealth are values, but not ethical values. 3. The Importance of Universality Most people have convictions about what is right and wrong based on religious beliefs, cultural roots, family background, personal experiences, laws, organizational values, professional norms and political habits. These are not the best values to make ethical decisions by — not because they are unimportant, but because they are not universal. In 20 | P a g e contrast to consensus ethical values — such basics as trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship — personal and professional beliefs vary over time, among cultures and among members of the same society. They are a source of continuous historical disagreement, even wars. There is nothing wrong with having strong personal and professional moral convictions about right and wrong, but unfortunately, some people are â€Å"moral imperialists† who seek to impose their personal moral judgments on others. The universal ethical value of respect for others dictates honoring the dignity and autonomy of each person and cautions against selfrighteousness in areas of legitimate controversy. 4. Why Be Ethical? People have lots of reasons for being ethical: †¢ There is inner benefit. Virtue is its own reward. †¢ There is personal advantage. It is prudent to be ethical. It’s good business. †¢ There is approval. Being ethical leads to self-esteem, the admiration of loved ones and the respect of peers. †¢ There is religion. Good behavior can please or help serve a deity. †¢ There is habit. Ethical actions can fit in with upbringing or training. There are obstacles to being ethical, which include: †¢ The ethics of self-interest When the motivation for ethical behavior is self-interest, decision-making is reduced to risk-reward calculations. If the risks from ethical behavior are high – or the risks from unethical behavior are low and the reward is high – moral principles succumb to expediency. †¢ This is not a small problem 21 | P a g e Many people cheat on exams, lie on resumes, and distort or falsify facts at work. The real test of our ethics is whether we are willing to do the right thing even when it is not in our self-interest. †¢ The pursuit of happiness It depends on how one defines happiness. Our values, what we prize and desire, determine what we think will make us happy. We are free to pursue material goals and physical sensations, but that alone rarely (if ever) leads to enduring happiness. It more often results in a lonely, disconnected, meaningless existence. The morally mature individual finds happiness in grander pursuits than money, status, sex and mood-altering substances. A deeper satisfaction lies in honoring universal ethical values, that is, values that people everywhere believe should inform behavior. That unity between principled belief and honorable behavior is the foundation for real happiness. †¢ Ethical Principle in Advertising All advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Every advertisement should be prepared with a due sense of social responsibility and should conform to the principles of fair competition, as generally accepted in business. No advertisement should be such as to impair public confidence in advertising. †¢ Decency Advertisements should not contain statements or visual presentations which offend prevailing standards of decency †¢ Honesty Advertisements should be so framed as not to abuse the trust of consumers or exploit their lack of experience or knowledge. †¢ Social Responsibility 22 | P a g e 1. Advertisements should not condone any form of discrimination, including that based upon race, national origin, religion, sex or age, nor should they in any way undermine human dignity. 2. Advertisements should not (without justifiable reason) play on fear. 3. Advertisements should not appear to condone or incite violence, or to encourage unlawful or reprehensible behavior. 4. Advertisements should not play on superstition. †¢ Truthful presentation Advertisements should not contain any statement or visual presentation which directly or by implication, omission, ambiguity or exaggerated claim is likely to mislead the consumer, in particular with regard to: 1. characteristics such as: nature, composition, method and date of manufacture, range of use, efficiency and performance, quantity, commercial or geographical origin or environmental impact; 2. the value of the product and the total price actually to be paid; 3. delivery, exchange, return, repair and maintenance; 4. terms of guarantee; 5. copyright and industrial property rights such as patents, trade marks, designs and models and trade names; 6. official recognition or approval, awards of medals, prizes and diplomas; 7. the extent of benefits for charitable causes. 8. Advertisements should not misuse research results or quotations from technical and scientific publications. Statistics should not be so presented as to exaggerate the validity of advertising claims. Scientific terms should not be used to falsely ascribe scientific validity to advertising claims. †¢ Comparisons 23 | P a g e Advertisements containing comparisons should be so designed that the comparison is not likely to mislead, and should comply with the principles of fair competition. Points of comparison should be based on facts that can be substantiated and should not be unfairly selected. †¢ Unassembled Merchandise When advertised merchandise requires partial or complete assembly by the purchaser, the advertising should disclose that fact, e. g. , â€Å"unassembled,† â€Å"partial assembly required. † †¢ Testimonials Advertisements should not contain or refer to any testimonial or endorsement unless it is genuine, verifiable, relevant and based on personal experience or knowledge. Testimonials or endorsements that have become obsolete or misleading through passage of time should not be used †¢ Portrayal or imitation of personal property Advertisements should not portray or refer to any persons, whether in a private or a public capacity, unless prior permission has been obtained; nor should advertisements without prior permission depict or refer to any person’s property in a way likely to convey the impression of a personal endorsement. †¢ Exploitation of goodwill Advertisements should not make unjustifiable use of the name, initials, logo and/or trademarks of another firm, company or institution nor should advertisements in any way take undue advantage of another firm, person or institution’s goodwill in its name, trade name or other intellectual property, nor should advertisements take advantage of the goodwill earned by other advertising campaigns. †¢ Imitation 24 | P a g e 1. Advertisements should not imitate the general layout, text, slogan, visual presentation, music and sound effects, etc. , of any other advertisements in a way that is likely to mislead or confuse the consumer. 2. Where advertisers have established distinctive advertising campaigns in one or more countries, other advertisers should not unduly imitate these campaigns in the other countries where the former may operate, thus preventing them from extending their campaigns within a reasonable period of time to such countries

Idioms dont travel well - Emphasis

Idioms dont travel well Idioms dont travel well When writing anything for a global audience, its best to leave idioms out of it. Idioms are groups of words whose meaning is usually metaphorical and cannot necessarily be deduced from looking at each component word. Unsurprisingly, this can make them problematic for anyone who may be attempting to translate word by word. What might you make of these turns of phrase? Spanish: I have an aunt who plays the guitar. (Yo tengo una tà ­a que toca la guitarra.) French: Its the end of the beans! (Cest la fin des haricots!) Arabic: The sky doesnt throw chicks. (El samaa la tohadef katakeet.) Spanish: To leave Guatemala and arrive in worse cornstalks. (Salir de Guatemala y meterse en guatepeor.) [Youll find the answers at the foot of this blog post.] Talking nonsense Not that English idioms are any more sensible. On the face of it, theres no obvious reason why feline nightwear (Its the cats pyjamas, for our readers who speak English as a second language) should indicate the highest of standards. Nor is it clear why a taut top lip (Keep a stiff upper lip) is a desirable feature in the face of adversity. Every country has its own idioms, which tend to reflect back on the culture they come from. Spend long enough studying translations and you might be able to hazard a guess at the meaning of other countries sayings, and sometimes find the odd crossover. Spanish: Everyone has their own way to kill fleas. (Cada quien tiene su manera de matar pulgas.) English: Theres more than one way to skin a cat. German: From a mosquito make an elephant. (Aus einer Mà ¼cke einen Elefanten machen.) English: Make a mountain out of a molehill. The question is: do you want or expect your reader to take that time? Can you be sure they wont dismiss your communication as gibberish rather than work out you dont want them literally to push an envelope, put a project in their bed or extract something from a horses mouth? Dont make work for your reader And much of the time, we dont even know where our own languages idioms came from, or why they mean what they do. We use them based on the context weve heard them in and out of habit. Little wonder, then, that they so easily trip up international readers. In the UK, we may talk of taking a rain check. But how many of us know the expression is borrowed from baseball in the US, where a rain check is the receipt from a ticket, which may be reused if rain prevents play? Lets get literal So lets not beat around the bush. When writing for global audiences, being as literal as possible is the best method by a long chalk. Anything else just wont cut the mustard. Answers: Whats that got to do with the price of tea in China? Thats the last straw! Money doesnt grow on trees. Out of the frying pan and into the fire.

4 Google Searches to Boost Interview Success

4 Google Searches to Boost Interview Success When a company has contacted you about an interview, you might think your work (getting your resume in order, pulling together your application package) is over. After all, ball’s in their court, right? Not so much. The legwork you do between the initial outreach from the company and the day of your interview can make the difference between getting the job and going through this process again with a different company and job. Preparation is essential ahead of the interview, and thanks to the wonders of Google (or your preferred web search engine), you can set yourself up nicely.Find as much information as you can on the company.Check for news alerts in particular, as these can tell you what the company’s public face is. Are they constantly on the defensive for financial shenanigans? Are they always at the forefront of raising money for your favorite charity? Good or bad, this research can give you a baseline of information about the company in general.The good things (s trong financial success, major philanthropy efforts) can be casually worked into the conversation during your interview to show that you’ve been paying attention to the company’s fortunes. The bad stuff, well, that’s for your own reference. It won’t endear you to that company’s employees if you open with, â€Å"Jeez, you guys had a heck of a bad quarter, huh?†Do a little digging into the company’s key people.This can include the person who will be interviewing you. A quick check of LinkedIn can tell you if you have any shared school or business connections. When you do this bit of research, though, tread carefully. Remember that on networks like LinkedIn, you  can see who’s been looking at your  profile, and how many times. So while natural curiosity can seem proactive, definitely be wary of seeming stalker-y.That same policy applies in the interview itself, too. If you and the interviewer both went to the same school, grea t! You have an in to talk about the football team during the small-talk portion. But if you just recite personal facts you gleaned from social networks, it may make you look aggressive or obsessive.Research your potential job title at the company.Even if you don’t have specific names from the place where you’re interviewing, you can easily search for more generic information. Try typing in â€Å"[company name] + [job title]† to see if there’s any information floating around about the specific job- that might turn up information at sites like Salary.com and similar review websites. This could also help later, if you receive a job offer: it can give you a frame of reference for salary or benefit negotiations.Know the company’s mission.This type of information is often readily available on the company’s own website. Knowing their stated core values puts an answer in your back pocket if the interviewer asks, â€Å"What drew you to this company? † or â€Å"What do you already know about this company?† If you can smoothly say, â€Å"Like Company X, I also fully support providing organic snacks to baby seals,† without missing a beat, it’ll emphasize you can fit well in the company’s culture.The more information you have before you ever set foot in the interview, the better off you’ll be. After all, they’re not just evaluating you and your specific skills, but also you as a potential team member and ambassador for the company.

Fictitious Letter to an editor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fictitious Letter to an editor - Assignment Example Other disorders include menarche or early puberty, liver disease, anorexia and bulimia eating disorders, high blood pressure, skin infections and respiratory problems. I believe that schools have a critical role in the prevention of childhood obesity. School programs can provide safe and supportive environment through practices and policies promoting healthy behaviors. Parents can prevent obesity in their children through changing the diet of the family and implementing exercise schedules. Children learn best through example and parents can take the opportunity to promote healthy lifestyles. Parents and care givers facing obesity challenges with their children can get help from several local resource information centers. One of them is Elders in Action on SW Washington Street and the Multnomah County Aging and Disability Services Department on Southwest 6th  Avenue. The resource centers are equipped with modern equipment and experienced nutrition professionals to offer appropriate